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BDS3 CLINICAL Ortho > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is orthodontics

A
  • it is the speciality of dentistry concerned with growth and development of teeth, face and jaws
  • diagnosis, prevention and correction of dental and facial irregularities
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2
Q

What does an ortho assessment include?

A

A systematic evaluation of the face and skeletal bases in 3D

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3
Q

What are the position of the teeth determined by

A

depend to a large extend on the size, shape and relative position of the underlying bones (maxilla and mandible) and this is genetic

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4
Q

Where is the determined position of the maxilla and the mandible

A

For the maxilla - it is the basal bone, the most inner part of the maxilla just below the bone

For the mandible - it is the most inner part of the mandible between the lower lip and chin

The relationship between these 2 is what determines the skeletal relationship

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5
Q

What is important when assessing these landmarks and determining the skeletal relationship

A

The orientation of the head is very important as if the head is tipped forward then hte mandibular point would be further behind the maxilla

Frankfurt plane has to be horizontal to the floor

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6
Q

What is the frankfurt plane?

A

It is from the top of the ear to the orbital rim

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7
Q

What should be the normal skeletal relationship

A

The mandibular base should be 2-3mm behind the maxilla in what is known as class 1

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8
Q

What is a class 2 skeletal relationship

A

The maxilla is is more infront of the mandible than it should be

We would expect an overjet

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9
Q

What is a class 3 skeletal relationship

A

The maxilla and mandible are almost in line

May even be infront

Would expect to see a reverse overjet

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10
Q

If the mandible seems very small what would we expect this to be

A

Mandibular hypoplasia

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11
Q

If the mandible is the right size but further back what is this called

A

Retrognathia

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12
Q

If the mandible is larger than it should be what is it called

A

Mandibular prognathism

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13
Q

What is hemimandibular hypertrophy

A
  • tends to happen mainly in females - late teens/early 20s
  • aetiology is not understood
  • the condylar cartilage is still dividing and producing bone
  • mandible and its ramus continue to grow
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14
Q

What is hemifacial microsomia

A
  • failure of the development of the condyle ramus and body to variable degree

Results in

  • malformed ear (deafness)
  • progressive facial asymmetry because as they grow older and the muscles on the normal side continue to grow the asymmetry progresses
  • occlusal problems
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15
Q

What is used to help diagnose skeletal problems

A

lateral cephalometry

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16
Q

What are the treatment for skeletal discrepancies in growing patients

A

Growth modification techniques to promote or restrict growth of either jaw

  • functional appliances
  • headgear - to restrict mandibular growth
  • reverse pull facemask and RME to encourage maxillary growth
17
Q

What is the treatment for skeletal discrepancies in adults who have completed growth

A
  • orthognathic surgery
  • single jaw or bimaxillary procedures
18
Q

What do functional appliances do

A
  • they modify jaw growth
  • often two seperate appliances called a twin block and they are worn 24h a day
19
Q

What is the most common orthognathic surgery

A

bilateral sagittal split osteoctomy

a type of jaw surgery in which the lower jaw (mandible) is split bilaterally (moved forward or backward) to straighten it to a more balanced and functional position

20
Q

What is Le Fort I Osteotomy

A

type of orthognathic surgery

the teeth are chopped off the jaw and moved and they are secured by pins and screws in a predetermined position

21
Q

Who makes up the orthognathic team

A
  • orthodontist
  • maxillofacial surgeon
  • clinical psychologist
  • maxillofacial technician
  • speech therapist
  • GDP
22
Q

What are the different types of clefts

A
  • cleft lip
  • cleft palate
  • cleft lip and palate (uni or bilateral)
23
Q

Who is the team for cleft lip and palate

A
  • orthodontist
  • cleft surgeon
  • ENT
  • speech therapy
  • maxfax surgeon
  • plastic surgeon
  • dental practitioner
24
Q

What are issues those with cleft lip & palate endure

A
  • issues with deafness
  • lots of patients have class 3 and defecit of bone in the region where the canine would come through so they often need an alveolar bone graft from their hip to allow the canine to come through
25
Q

What can go wrong in the growth and development of teeth?

A
  • increased overjet
  • deep overbite
  • anterior cross bite
  • posterior cross bite
  • retained decidious teeth
  • early loss of decidious teeth
  • ectopic teeth
  • impacted first molars
  • crowding
  • spacing
  • trauma
  • habits
  • anterior open bite
  • lateral open bite
  • ankylosis of decidious teeth
  • cysts
  • diastema
  • supernumaries
  • dental asymmetries
  • others
26
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

A submerging decidious molar

The tooth developed and at some point the tooth became ankylosed and everything else grew aroud it

27
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A
  • tuberculate supernumeracies
  • they are in the way and need to be taken out in hope the centrals will come in
28
Q

What are occlusal and dental anomalies

A
  • crowding
  • spacing
  • increased overjet
  • reversed overjet
  • anterior open bite
  • deep bite
  • hypodontia
  • supernumeries
  • anterior cross bites
  • posterior cross bites
  • ectopic teeth
  • delayed dental development
  • other anomalies e.g fusion of conical supernumeracy
29
Q

What is hypodontia?

A
  • fewer than normal number of teeth
30
Q

What is supernumeraries?

A

In addition to normal number of teeth

31
Q

When assessing the teeth face and jaws what do we look at in order to reach our orthodontic diagnosis?

A
  • facial anomalies, asymmetries
  • skeletal relationship (how the jaws relate to each other)
  • skeletal relationship (how the jaws relate the skull base)
  • teeth in each arch separetly
  • occlusion (how they bite together)
32
Q

What special tests are useful for orthodontic diagnosis?

A
  • study models
  • radiographs (OPG & lateral cephalogram)
  • photographs
  • sensibility testing
  • CBCT
33
Q

What are the aims of orthodontic treatment?

A
  • stable
  • functional
  • aesthetic occlusion
  • prior to restorative work
34
Q

What are the types of appliances?

A
  • removables
  • functionals
  • fixed

Others:

  • aligners, invisalign
  • headgear, reverse pull HG
  • temporary anchorage devices
35
Q

What are removable appliances for?

A
  • tip teeth
  • open bites
  • maintain space
36
Q

What are fixed appliances for?

A
  • true 3D control of tooth position
37
Q

What are the benefits of orthodontic treatment?

A
  • improve function (e.g anterior cross bite or open bite can make it difficult to incise food)
  • improve appaerance (aesthetics)
  • improve dental health (make teeth easeir to clean)
  • reduce risk of trauma (those with overjet at increased risk)
  • to faciliate other dental treatments (rearrange spaces in hyopdontia cases prior to bridges or implants)
38
Q

What are the risks of orthodontic treatment

A

3 main risks

  • decalcification (poor brushing)
  • relapse (lack of retainers)
  • root resorption (1 in 500)

Others

  • pain, discomfort
  • soft tissue trauma
  • failure to complete tx
  • loss of tooth vitality
  • inhale or swallow small components
  • candidal infections

BDS3 CLINICAL Ortho (11 decks)

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