Introduction

Question 1

Describe the properties of Innate immunity?

Answer 1

First line of defense against infection, most encounters with pathogens are resolved here. Works rapidly, has NO memory, has some specificity for Ag (knows self from not), give rise to acute inflammation. Present at birth.

Question 2

Describe the properties of Adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

takes longer to develop, is highly specific (Ab or T cells), and shows memory. Protective immunity.

Question 3

What are the different types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 3

Cell Mediated:

Antibody Dependent:

Question 4

Name cellular and molecular components of innate immune responses to pathogens?

Answer 4

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil,mast cell, monocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell, NK

Question 5

Describe the origin and properties of the innate immune cell phagocyte?

Answer 5

immune cells that have ability to ingest and digest microbes. Neutrophils and macrophages. They go through chemokine-mediated recruitment of cells from blood to site of infection. Next they have receptor dependent recognition of microbes and activation of phagocytes. Then formation of phagosomes and ingestion of microbes. Finally intracellular destruction of ingested microbes in lysosomes.

Question 6

Describe the orgin and properties of the innate immune cell, Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils?

Answer 6

Play roles in both immune responses and protect against multicellular organisms such as helminthes and mediate against allergic diseases. Granulocytes filled with inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators.

Question 7

T or F: All Ags are immunogens, but not all immunogens are Ag’s.

Answer 7

False. all immunogens are Ags, but not all Ags are immunogens

Question 8

What is an immunogen?

Answer 8

An Ag that can elicit an immune response

Question 9

What is a hapten?

Answer 9

Very small Ag that can bind to an Ab but cant cause an immune response

Question 10

What is a hapten?

Answer 10

Very small Ag that can bind to an Ab but cant cause an immune response

Question 11

What are the fixed elements in an immune system?

Answer 11

Lymphoid organs: -Primary: bone marrow and thymus -Secondary: spleen and lymph nodes also mucosal immune tissues

Question 12

What are the mobile elements in an immune system?

Answer 12

Immune cells and soluble humoral components such as Abs, complement, and acute phase proteins

Question 13

Chemokines?

Answer 13

represent a subfamily of cytokines secreted by immune cells to induce chemotaxis in nearby cells

Question 14

Cytokines?

Answer 14

Cell signaling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses

Question 15

Cytokines?

Answer 15

Cell signaling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses

Question 16

Components of adaptive immunity?

Answer 16

-Celllular and chemical barriers such as lymphocytes in epithelium and Abs secreted by the epithelium. -Blood proteins such as Abs and cytokiens/chemo produced by B and T cells -Cells such as B and T cells

Question 17

Compare innate vs adaptive.

Answer 17

Innate is not specific- can recognize groups but not species while adaptive is highly specific Innate has limited diversity it is germline encoded while adaptive is large somatic gene recomb. Innate no memory adaptive yes Neither reactive to self in normal situations

Question 18

Which immune system is “in charge”?

Answer 18

The innate immune system regulates the adaptive. It is able to distinguish between intra/extracellular pathogens and provide instructions to the adaptive immune system.

Question 19

What are the functions of cytokines?

Answer 19

Regulate growth and differentiation of all immune cells. Activate the effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes.

Question 20

Neutrophils?

Answer 20

Part of the innate immune system, mediates first part of inflammatory responses. Produced in bone marrow and come from precursor that gives rise to monocytes. Neutrophils stimulated from G-CSF (type of cytokine). Short lived cells

Question 21

Mononuclear phagocyte system?

Answer 21

Blood monocytes and resident tissue macrophages make up this system. Arise from M-CSF and produced in the bone marrow. Play role in both innate and adaptive immune systems. Monocytes enter blood and then tissues where they mature into macrophages.

Question 22

Dendritic cells?

Answer 22

Cells of innate immmunity. Professional Antigen Presenting Cells, contains dendrites. They are potent stimulators of T cells to induce the adaptive immune response. Come from monocytes. Sub pops include langerhans cells, kupffer cells and microglia.

Question 23

Mast cells?

Answer 23

Common in sites that are exposed to the external environment such as the skin. Found close to blood vessels where they can regulate vascular permeablity and effector cell recrutiment.

Question 24

What is the clonal selection hypothesis?

Answer 24

Ag specific clones of lymphocytes develop before and independent of exposure to antigen. Large numbers can be generated.

Question 25

How does the Hypothesis of Clonal Selection work?

Answer 25

Lymphocyte clones mature in the generative lymphoid organs (NO antigens).

Then clones of the lymphocytes specific for diverse antigens enter lymphoid tissues.

Antigen specific clones are activated by antigens and an antigen specific immune response occurs.

Question 26

How does Immunological memory occur?

Answer 26

Once the microbe has been eliminated the clones begin to die and homeostasis is restored. A few activated lymphocytes survive and they become memory cells specific for that antigen, they live for years and respond quicker and more effective to infection. Vaccination principal.