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Research Methods And Statistics 1 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is an empirical approach philosophically and scientifically ?

A

Philosophically: we gain knowledge through senses

Scientifically: evidence based

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2
Q

What is required for a sound psychological experiment?

A
  • Clear definition (concepts/constructs)
  • Operational definition (description of procedures used to measure variable) EG. Score on IQ test for intelligence, Heart rate for anxiety etc.
  • Sample size (as many as possible)
  • control (no extraneous or confounding variables)
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3
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt and what was he famous for?

A

-Introspection (A systematic analysis of your own thoughts and emotions after experiencing a stimulus)

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4
Q

What is psychology?

A

The systematic examination of mental processes and behaviour.

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5
Q

What is psychologies aim?

A

-To understand and explain thought, emotion and behaviour.

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6
Q

What is wrong with introspection?

A

Does not support psychology as a science as it is subjective not objective

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7
Q

What is John B Watson famous for

A

Founding behaviourism, which is only concerned with observable behaviour as a methodology for scientific valid data to be gathered according to him. (1950’s)

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8
Q

What type of psychology was founded after world war 2?

A

Cognitive psychology which uses physical behaviour to study internal mental processes in an objective and scientific way.

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9
Q

How does the scientific method work?

A
  1. initial observations are made of certain topic.
  2. theory is developed to explain initial observations and also makes predictions
  3. Predictions are formulated into hypothesis through research
  4. The data from research then verifies wether theory needs to be updated or not
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10
Q

Can you ever prove a theory?

A

No you can only find the best theory at a moment in time.

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11
Q

What is a theory?

A

-Fact based framework and principles to explain and predict a mental phenomena or behaviour

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12
Q

What should a theory do?

A

Must clearly define a concept or behaviour

Must provide information about relationship of these concepts

Explain the causes of behaviour

Must be able to predict future behaviours correctly

Must also be falsifiable

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13
Q

What is falsification and who proposed it?

A

-A good theory cannot be verified or proved by scientific testing, but it can be disproved by a single negative outcome from scientific testing.

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14
Q

Other than falsification what makes a good theory?

A

It should provide a testable hypothesis

Guide research and organise empirical findings

Be supported or refuted

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15
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Theory based prediction (what you expect to see in an experiment)

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16
Q

What makes a scientifically testable hypothesis?

A
  • Be clearly defined.
  • Be non circular

Deal with observable/ measurable phenomena

17
Q

Why do we conduct research ?

What is the main goal of research?

A

Gather description (gathered from observation and questionnaires)

Predict (correlations and differences between people)

Establish a causal explanation

Create change

Understand and establish a causal explanation.

18
Q

What do we need to do to infer causation?

A

There is a correlation between the two variables

Cause must come before the effect (time order effect)

Eliminate other possible causes and isolate and IV so the DV can only be caused by the IV

19
Q

What is a between subjects design?

A

Independent groups design

Groups are made up of different people

They are looking a difference between participants or between groups

20
Q

What is the advantage of between subjects design?

A

Free from :

Boredom/fatigue

Practice effects/experience

Carry over effects from previous conditions.

21
Q

What is a natural group design?

A

Groups are not created by manipulating an IV.

based on a naturally occurring Participant variable that are already formed.

22
Q

What is a within subjects design?

A

Repeatedly measure the same people on the same DV

AKA: repeated measures design

23
Q

What is the main advantage of a within subjects design?

A

Controls for individual differences e.g natural memory ability.

24
Q

What two methods are there for a within subjects design?

A

Same time : one session - all conditions

Test participants at different times.

25
Q

Advantages of within subjects design?

A

Participant characteristics/variables not a problem

More powerful

Requires fewer participants

More convenient to run.

26
Q

What is power?

A

The probability that a test will find a statistically significant difference when out actually exists and reject the null hypothesis

27
Q

What is error variance?

A

Variation caused by individual differences

28
Q

What happens when you reduce error variance and how do you do it?

A

Makes a significant result more likely to occur

use a within subjects design/ repeated measures

29
Q

What does it mean when you have low error variance ?

A

More powerful

30
Q

What different kinds or levels of data do we have ?

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

31
Q

What is nominal data ?

A

Categories

32
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Data is ordered but each unit of measurement is not equal and is subjective

33
Q

What is interval data?

A

The data is ordered and each unit is of equal size

34
Q

What is ratio data

A

Same as interval data but has an absolute zero value

35
Q

What does SPSS class interval and ratio data?

A

Scale data

Research Methods And Statistics 1 (7 decks)

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