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Research Methods And Statistics 1 > Data Visualisation > Flashcards

Data Visualisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is used to help me understand the data?

A
  • Stem and leaf plots
  • box plots
  • Histograms
  • Looking for skewness
  • Comparing data sets visually
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2
Q

What is used to help others understand data?

A
  • Bar Graphs

- Scatterplots

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3
Q

What do histograms do?

A

Good at showing the distribution of the data.

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4
Q

What do stem and leap plots do?

And how do they work?

A

Show distribution of the data

Easy to do, Stem makes up the tens and the leafs make up the units

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5
Q

Why are boxplots useful?

A

-useful for showing medians, ranges, IQ range, skewness etc.

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a box plot?

A

Upper adjacent value is the line at the top

Lower adjacent value is the line at the bottom(difference between two provides range)

The top and bottom line are known as upper and lower hinge( Interquartile range is difference between the two)

Line in the middle is the median

  • Outliers are displayed as dots further away from adjacent values
  • extreme outliers are displayed as stars
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7
Q

What do whiskers on a box plot indicate about data?

A

The more similar in length the more likely that the data is normally distributed vice versa

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8
Q

What is a frequency distribution?

A
  • Histograms
  • made of touching bars
  • each bar is the frequency that the given value occurs
  • We can count how many people have a healthy heart rate
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9
Q

What is a probability distribution?

A
  • Bell curves
  • Smoothed over to flow nicely
  • Area under curve is the probability that the value occurs
  • We can work out the likelihood of a person producing a certain outcome with a normal distribution.
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10
Q

Why is it ideal to have normally distributed data?

A

-It allows us to do better an more accurate statistical tests.

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11
Q

What are two ways in which a distribution can deviate away from normality?

A
  • Lack of symmetry (skewness)

- Pointyness (Kurtosis)

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12
Q

What is skewness?

A

Deviation from symmetry

It also means some extreme scores are affecting the mean

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13
Q

What is kurtosis?

A

Refers to the extent to which scores cluster at the ends (tails) of the distribution which tends to change how pointy they look.

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14
Q

What is a distribution with positive kurtosis known as ?

A

Leptokurtic distribution

-more pointy

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15
Q

What is a distribution with negative kurtosis known as?

A

Platykurtic

-Tends to be flatter than normal

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16
Q

Why is distribution important ?

A

-Tells us which measure of central tendency and dispersion represents our sample best

-

17
Q

If our data is normally distributed what measure of central tendency and dispersion should we use?

A

MCT= mean

MD =SD

18
Q

If our data is skewed what MCD and MD should we use?

A

MCT=median

MD=Range

19
Q

How does skewness statistics on SPSS indicate the distribution of data?

A

Perfectly normally distributed data has a skewness of 0

More than twice the standard error data is likely to be skewed

20
Q

Why is distribution important?

A
  • Tells us which measure of central tendency/dispersion represents our sample best.
  • also tells us which inferential statistics to use
21
Q

If we have a normal distribution which measure of central tendency and dispersion should we use?

A

-mean and SD

22
Q

If we have skewed distribtuion which measure of central tendency and dispersion should we use?

A

-median and range.

23
Q

Why are figures and tables helpful in letting others understand data?

A

They can be used to assess and illustrate data quickly and easily.

24
Q

How are tables supposed to be formatted according to the APA?

A

Only used for descriptive statistics

Labelled and titled

Placed at the top of the most appropriate page

Font and size should be the same as the main text

Logical and easy to understand

25
Q

How should tables be presented according to the APA?

A

Title is descriptive, labelled and in italics.

Numbered title.

Simple grid lines

Means and SD’s to 2d.p. Whole numbers can be used for medians. Easy to compare different groups.

26
Q

Why are figures useful?

A
  • Useful to show the reader what you are talking about

- they are all visuals that are not tables

27
Q

Why are bar charts useful?

A
  • display differences in data
  • simple is within subject groups
  • clustered is within and between subject groups
28
Q

What are scatterplots do?

A

Display relationships between two variables

29
Q

What does the line of best fit display on a scatter plot?

A

-The closer the points to the line, the stronger the relationship.

30
Q

What are error bars?

A

Presented on bar charts they are visual representation of variability within your data.

They hint at statistical significance

31
Q

Where do figures to assess data go?

A

The appendix

32
Q

Where do figures that visually support data analysis go?

A

Results section in the report

Research Methods And Statistics 1 (7 decks)

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