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Research Methods And Statistics 1 > Experimetnal Design And Observation Methods > Flashcards

Experimetnal Design And Observation Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What are the disadvantages of a between subject design?

A
  • They can require large number of participants as each condition has to have different participants.
  • Participant characteristics/variables (individual differences can affect the dependent variable) : Gender, age, personality, IQ, Family background, level of education, etc.
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2
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

Extraneous variable that influences the results of the study.

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3
Q

Give examples of situational confounding variables

A

Environment
Room temperature
Time of day

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4
Q

How do we get rid of confounding variables ?

A

Constancy in conditions and standardisation.

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5
Q

What are expectancy effects?

How do we prevent it?

A
  • Participants expecting what the outcome of their behaviour will be based on the condition there in.
  • Placebos so conditions are constant.
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6
Q

How do we get rid of participant characteristics and variables such as having a hangover or gender?

A

-Balancing/matching Participant characteristics

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7
Q

What are the three main between subjects design?

A
  • Random allocation design
  • Matched group design
  • Natural groups design
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8
Q

What is the random allocation between subjects design?

A

Participants randomly assigned to conditions (groups)

  • this controls for participant variables as it reduces chance of a biased sample
  • A big sample size is needed to reduce chance of participant variables
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9
Q

What is matched group design?

A
  • Matching Participants in each group based on a certain characteristic
  • Best to match Participants on the DV
  • If you cant match participants on DV, match them on other variables that can affect DV
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10
Q

What is the disadvantage of within subject design disadvantages?

A

Repeatedly measures the same people on the same DV:

  • Boredom/ fatigue
  • Practice (order) effects : taking part in one condition influences behaviour in other conditions such as learning, fatigue form task, Habituation, sensitisation, contrast, adaptation
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11
Q

How do we get rid of practice effects?

A

Overcome by counterbalancing

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12
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

-splinting your within subjects design into two groups and making them take part in different conditions in different chronological order.

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13
Q

What is an incomplete within subjects design?

A
  • Each condition administered to each participants once.
  • order of administration varied across participants.
  • practice effects balanced across individuals.
  • 2 main counter-balancing methods :
  • all possible orders
  • selected orders
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14
Q

How do you calculate the number of all possible orders when counterbalancing when using an incomplete within subjects design?

A

Multiplying all levels of IV by all numbers below it.

Minimum 3 levels of IV

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15
Q

How do we calculate a selected orders design when using incomplete within subjects design?

A

Each condition occurs once or the same number of times by each group of participants but all in different orders.

-each condition precedes and follows each other condition only once.

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16
Q

Describe a complete within subjects design?

A

Each condition administered several times-different order each time.

Practice effects balanced for each participant.

  • 2 main counter balancing methods:
  • block randomisation
  • The ABBA design
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17
Q

What is block randomisation?

A

A block consists of all conditions

Participants complete the conditions several times, each time in a different order:

Every Participant does all possible orders.

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18
Q

What is the ABBA design?

A
  • if we can only present conditions a few times and few levels of IV
  • present the opposite sequence
  • each condition has the same amount of practice effects.
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19
Q

What are limitations of the within subjects design?

A

Individual differences cannot testers

Time consuming as participants need to take part in all conditions

Levels of the IV represent an unfolding time sequence that cant be undone.

If the task (DV) cant be repeated this design cant be used.

Differential transfers between conditions may cause problems.

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20
Q

What is differential transfer?

A

Effects of one condition affect performance in subsequent conditions.

21
Q

How to prevent differential transfer from occurring?

A

use a between subjects design or within-subjects design with each condition sufficiently spaced.

22
Q

What are observational methods?

A

Study of animals and people within a natural environment

When there are practical or moral considerations mean no control of variables

23
Q

What is observation without intervention?

A

Naturalistic observation

Behaviour as it occurs naturally without intervention

Passive recorder of behaviour

Not just out in nature

24
Q

What are advantages of observation without intervention studies?
A.K.A - naturalistic

A
  • insight into how behaviour in the real world occurs:
  • high external validity
  • can allow experimenting on complex social situations that cant be controlled in a laboratory environment
  • developing theories
25
Q

What are disadvantages of observations without intervention?
A.K.A naturalistic

A

Time consuming/expensive

Provides description not causation

Not useful for investigating specific hypotheses as a lack of control

26
Q

Describe observation with intervention?

A

Precipitate an uncommon or difficult to observe event.

Gain access to a situation/event closed to observation

establishing a comparison by adding/manipulating IVs to determine effects on behaviour.

Control antecedent events and observe consequent behaviours.

-Vary the qualities of a stimulus event to investigate the response

27
Q

What are the three kinds of observation with intervention?

A
  • Participant observation
  • Structure observation
  • Field experiments
28
Q

What is a participate observation?

A

-Researcher observe and participate

2 types :

  • undisguised (open)
  • disguised
29
Q

What is undisguised participant observation?

A

-Often used to understand culture and behaviour of groups or individuals

  • they know researchers is there recording behaviours
  • in-depth interviews and observations are conducted
30
Q

What are the advantages of undisguised observations?

A
  • no ethical problems
  • natural setting (high external validity)
  • No problems recording data and openly do it.
31
Q

What are the disadvantages of undisguised observations?

A

-observer influence can affect participant behaviour

32
Q

What is a disguised observation?

A

-participants are not aware that they are being observed

33
Q

What are the advantages to disguised observation?

A
  • prevents observer influence
  • get access to particular social groups who may not consent to being studied
  • Observe behaviour in a natural setting
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of disguised observations?

A
  • Ethical issues
  • problems recording data anonymously
  • researcher bias, behave and conform to group as you have to be with them
  • interaction with participants can change there behaviour
35
Q

What is a structured observation?

A
  • cause an event or set up a situation
  • aim is usually to observe specific behaviour in a particular setting
  • often used by clinical and developmental psychologists
  • no attempt to control for other variables.
36
Q

What will a structure observation usually use?

A
  • behavioural or coding scheme is used in an experiment
  • behavioural categories should be mutually exclusive
  • same procedures must be used in each observation.
37
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

Controlled experiment in a natural setting

The IV is manipulated and then observe effect on behaviour

-control over IV is greater compared to other observations.

38
Q

What type of data do observations Gather?

A

Qualitative and quantitative data

39
Q

Describe qualitative data?

A
  • It is gathered from natural setting and from participants own words
  • it is in depth
  • Notes, videos, audio recordings etc.
40
Q

Describe quantitative data

A
  • specific,measurable behaviour

- checklists, coding system, scales etc.

41
Q

What type of methods would we use to gather qualitative data?

A
  • focus groups
  • record discussions
  • analyse transcripts
42
Q

What type of methods would we use to gather quantitate data?

A
  • checklist data

- statistical analysis

43
Q

What is inter-observer reliability?

A

Correlation to check reliability

44
Q

How do we improve reliability of observations?

A

Clear categories and definitions

Training

45
Q

How can observer influence participants behaviour or results?

A
  • Reactivity:
  • Participants modify their behaviour.
  • leads to socially normative behaviour to gain approval.

Demand characteristics:
-behave in a way that is expected

46
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

-People change their behaviour because they know they are being studied

47
Q

How do we control reactivity?

A

Unobtrusive measurement

Disguised participant observation

Adaptation:

  • habituation
  • Desensitisation

Indirect measurement:

  • Physical traces
  • Archival data
48
Q

How does observer bias effect results?

A

Observers expectations lead to systematic errors

Expectancy effects:
-Knowledge of hypothesis

-previous research

49
Q

How can observer bias be controlled?

A

Blind observers

Research Methods And Statistics 1 (7 decks)

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