Introduction

Question 1

What are the components of the urinary system?

Answer 1

• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

Question 2

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 2

• Removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
• Regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
• Help to stabilize the PH
• Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids. Glucose, and peptides)
• Produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow)

Question 3

Where do the kidneys lie?

Answer 3

T12-L3

Question 4

Which kidney is lower is position?

Answer 4

Right due to the lliver

Question 5

How are the kidneys peritonised?

Answer 5

Retroperitoneal but only partially peritonised due to anterior relations

Question 6

What are the anterior relations of the kidneys?

Answer 6

• Suprarenal glands
• Stomach
• Spleen
• Pancreas
• Colon
• Small intestine
• Liver

Question 7

What are the posterior relations of the kidneys?

Answer 7

• 12th rib
• Subcostal nerves
• Iliohypogastric nerve
• Ilioinguinal nerve
• Muscles

Question 8

Name the layers you would see in cross-section of the kidney and surrounding tissue.

Answer 8

• Kidney
• Renal capsule
• Perirenal fat
• Renal fascia
• Pararenal fat

Question 9

What is the outer surface of the kidney called?

Answer 9

Cortex

Question 10

What is the internal structure of the kidney?

Answer 10

Medulla

• Pyramids (10-18)
• Papilla
• Minor calyx
• Major calyx
• Pelvis
• Ureter

Question 11

What are the constrictions of the ureter?

Answer 11

• Ureter passes over inferior renal pole (abdominal part)
• Ureter crosses over external iliac vessels (pelvic part)
• Ureter transverses the bladder wall (intramural part)

Question 12

What arteries supply the ureters?

Answer 12

• Renal
• Ovarian/testicular
• Abdominal aorta

Question 13

What veins drain the ureters?

Answer 13

Renal and ovarian/testicular

Question 14

What is present at the renal hilum, anterior to posterior?

Answer 14

• Renal vein
• Renal artery
• Pelvis

Question 15

What are the renal arteries branches of?

Answer 15

Abdominal aorta

Question 16

How do the renal arteries supply the kidneys?

Answer 16

• Segmental branches (x5)
• Interlobar
• Arcuate branches pass around the circumference
• Interlobular branches which ultimately supply each nephron.
• Essentially non-anastomosing

Question 17

What veins drain the kidneys?

Answer 17

Renal veins

Question 18

What do the renal veins drain into?

Answer 18

Inferior vena cava

Question 19

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

Answer 19

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

Question 20

What is the nerve supply of the kidneys?

Answer 20

• Renal plexus: sympathetic T10-L1

- Sensory afferent: T11-L2

Question 21

What embryological remnants are there in the urinary bladder?

Answer 21

• Median umbilical ligament? = Embryonic Urachus
• Two medial umbilical folds = Occluded umbilical artery
• Two lateral umbilical folds = Inferior epigastric vessels

Question 22

What is the nervous supply to the internal urethral sphincter?

Answer 22

• Parasymptathetic S2-S4

- Sympathetic T10-L2

Question 23

What is the nervous supply to the external urethral sphincter?

Answer 23

Somatic S2-S4

Question 24

What is the nervous supply to the detrusor muscle?

Answer 24

• Sympathetic T10-L2

- Parasympathetic S2-S4

Question 25

What does the prostatic urethra receive?

Answer 25

Ejaculatory duct (vas deference and seminal vesicle)

Question 26

Which nerve constricts the detrusor muscle during micturition?

Answer 26

Parasympathetic nerves

Question 27

What nerve constricts the internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?

Answer 27

Sympathetic nerves

Question 28

Which is the narrowest part of the urethra in the male?

Answer 28

Membranous part

Question 29

What vertebral level does the transpyloric plane pass through

Answer 29

L1

Question 30

What makes up the nephron?

Answer 30

Renal corpuscles and renal tubules

Question 31

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

Answer 31

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

Question 32

What makes up the uriniferous tubule?

Answer 32

Nephron and collecting duct

Question 33

What is present on histology of the cortex of the kidney?

Answer 33

• Renal corpuscles
• Proximal convoluted tubules (cuboidal+ microvilli)
• Distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal)
• Collecting tubule(cuboidal)

Question 34

What is present on histology of the kidney medulla?

Answer 34

• Proximal convoluted tubules
• Distal convoluted tubules
• Loop of Henle (thin segment=squamous epithelium)
• Collecting tubule

Question 35

What is present on histology of the ureter?

Answer 35

• Transitional epithelium
• Star shaped lumen
• Inner longitudinal smooth muscle (SM)
• Outer circular SM

Question 36

What is present on histology of the bladder?

Answer 36

• Transitional epithelium
• Inner longitudinal (IL) smooth muscle (SM)
• Middle circular(MC) SM
• Outer longitudinal (OL) SM

Question 37

What are important markers of kidney disease?

Answer 37

-High protein (albumin) level (urine)/proteinuria
-Glomerular filtration rate ( GFR)
(increased level of serum creatinine/urea).

Question 38

Give examples of renal pathology.

Answer 38

• Urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Glomerulonephritis
• Kidney stone/renal calculi
• Kidney failure and dialysis
• Urinary incontinence: common after childbirth/ old age/in female