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Systems: Urinary AB > Imaging > Flashcards

Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

How long are the kidneys?

A

10-12 cm long

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2
Q

How does the size of kidneys vary in individuals?

A
  • The kidneys are slightly larger in men than in women

- They increase in size up to the age of 20 years and become smaller again in later life

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3
Q

How much does each kidney weight?

A

120-170grams

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4
Q

What is the renal blood flow to the kidneys?

A

1200cc/min

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5
Q

How long are the ureters?

A

25-30cm

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6
Q

What is the diameter of the ureters?

A

3-8mm

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7
Q

What are the anatomical points of narrowing of the ureters?

A
  • PUJ
  • Pelvic brim
  • VUJ
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8
Q

What separates the ureters from the tip of the transvers processes of the vertebrae?

A

Passes on the medial edge of psoas muscles which separate it from the tip of the transverse processes.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the bladder?

A

Pyramidal structure with its base posteriorly and apex behind the symphysis

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10
Q

How is the bladder peritonised?

A

Extra-peritoneal structure

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11
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

Trigone is a triangular area between the ureteric and urethral orifices

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12
Q

What indication are there for renal imaging?

A

Renal colic and renal stone disease (diagnosis and follow up)

  • Haematuria
  • Suspected renal mass
  • UTIs
  • Hypertension
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13
Q

What imaging techniques can be used in renal medicine?

A
  • Plain film
  • Contrast studies including IVU, pyelography: and cystography
  • Ultrasound +/- contrast
  • CT and CTU
  • MR and MRU
  • Isotope scans
  • PET-CT
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14
Q

What are the advantages of plain film x-rays?

A
  • Cheap and readily available

- Functional and anatomical information (IVU)

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of plain film x-rays?

A
  • Low sensitivity and specificity for urological diseases

- Radiation

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16
Q

What does pyelography involve?

A

Injection of contrast into the ureters

17
Q

What does micturating cystourethrography assess?

A

Vesico-ureteric reflux and its grade

18
Q

What are the advantages of ultrasound?

A
  • Cheap and readily available
  • No radiation
  • Contrast is not nephrotoxic
  • Real time imaging
19
Q

What are the disadvantages of ultrasound?

A
  • Limited by body habitus and gas
  • Poor visualisation of ureters
  • Operator dependant
  • No functional information
20
Q

What are the advantages of CT?

A
  • Currently the imaging modality of choice for detection of renal stones, staging renal tumours, investigation of hematuria
  • Good spatial resolution with capability of multi planar reformat
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of CT?

A
  • Radiation dose
  • Cost
  • Contrast resolution less than MR
  • Contrast reaction and nephrotoxicity
22
Q

What are the advantages of MR?

A
  • Multiplanar imaging
  • Excellent contrast resolution
  • Imaging of urothelium without contrast injection (MRU)
23
Q

What are the disadvantages of MR?

A
  • Poor spatial resolution
  • Poor detection of calcification and stones
  • Cost
  • Contraindications: pace maker, claustrophobia ,etc
  • Contrast reaction and other side effects
24
Q

Give examples of isotope scans.

A
  • DMSA
  • MAG3
  • Bone scan
25
Q

What is a DMSA used for?

A

To look for renal scarring

26
Q

What is a MAG3 used for?

A

Assess renal function and drainage

27
Q

What is a bone scan used for?

A

Metastatic disease e.g. prostate cancer

28
Q

Why is there a limited use for PET-CT in urological malignancies?

A

Limited use in staging of urological malignancies due to high uptake in urine and variable uptake by tumours

29
Q

What may PET-CT be useful for?

A

May be useful for extra-urological metastatic disease if other imaging modalities are equivocal or in poor surgical candidates

30
Q

What is the best imaging modality to diagnose renal tract stones?

A

CT

31
Q

What imaging modality of choice in staging of renal tumours?

A

CT

32
Q

What is the least helpful imaging modality in assessment of patient with suspected renal artery stenosis

A

US

Systems: Urinary AB (26 decks)

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