Introduction Flashcards
what are ethics
- mora principles
- codes of conduct
- vaues
- right/wrong
research ethics is
morals/values/ principles which guide the practice of the scientific community
human rights
simply by virtue of being human, we all have rights. These rights should only be restricted if required to protect the rights of other or prevent harm
human rights- questions
- How do you define human? Fetus? Consciousness
- Who decides what human rights are and who gets to receive them e.g. prisoners
- not fair that someones humans right are respected and others aren’t
- should everyone have human rights, even if that limits someone else’s
social justice
research should make a meaningful contribution to the world
examples of social justice and research
-is plastic surgery research and development meaningful?
- is it traumatic to tell children that santa doesn’t exist?
Veyr subjective since what is meaningful to one person may ave no meaning to someone else
research should
-encourage positive social change, challenge the status quo, emancipate, enlighten, and give power/ voice to the powerless
we should strive to
conduct research in a way that doesn’t replicate/ reinforce existing power dynamics
existing power dynamics within research
e.g. developed universities working with univerisistes in developing countries e.g. colonisation?
7 reasons we need research ethics
- slippery slope
- protect human rights ( prevent harm to the community and the researcher)
- research should look to benefit society
- collaberative research
- least possible damage
- requirement for funding and publication
- it is the law
- researchers cannot be trusted to act in the best interest of participants- act in their own ethical way
key reason we must have ethical code of conducts within research
researchers cannot be trusted t act in the best interest of participants
4 examples f ethical codes and guidelines
(1) general codes
(2) disciplinary codes
(3) funding codes
(4) cultural codes
General codes
nuremberg, helsinki, belmont
disciplinary codes
British Psychological society, Association of internet researchers
FUNDING CODES
Economic and social research council (UK), National health and medical research council (Australia), Office for human research protection (USA)
Economic and social research council
UK
National health and medical research council
Aus
Office for human research protection
USA
Cultural codes
WHO ethics and health in indigenous people, NHMRC guidelines of ethical conduct in aboriginal an dTorres Strait islander health research; NZ government guidelines for health research involving Maori
negatives of ethical codes and guidelines
some are more prescriptive than others and cannot anticipate all ethical dilemmas–> provide a framework to guide decisions and justify choices.
relevant laws in the UK
Mental capacity Act 2005 - adult with incapacity(scot) 2000 Data protection act 1998 Freedom of information act 2000 Access to health record act 1990 human tissue act 2004
relevant laws: international
- federal policy for the protection of human subjects- USA
- Privacy act 1998, research involving human embryos act 2002, Gene technology act 2000, therapeutic good act 1989(aus)
ethics ar not fixed
- no rights or wrong answer
- ethics vary according to culture, region, upbringing and experiences
- codes and guideline evolve over time
- ethics are collective practice
ethics are collective practices
what the majority of people agree to be ethical- not done in isolation
where does ethics fit in the research life cycle
everywhere
ethical review
the process of having your research approved by an ethics committee
ethics research
the practice of conducting research in a way that adheres to ethical guidelines and approvals
How did we get ehre
- nazi experiemntation
- tuskegee syphilis study
- stanford prison experiment
