Introduction

Question 1

what are ethics

Answer 1

• mora principles
• codes of conduct
• vaues
• right/wrong

Question 2

research ethics is

Answer 2

morals/values/ principles which guide the practice of the scientific community

Question 3

human rights

Answer 3

simply by virtue of being human, we all have rights. These rights should only be restricted if required to protect the rights of other or prevent harm

Question 4

human rights- questions

Answer 4

• How do you define human? Fetus? Consciousness
• Who decides what human rights are and who gets to receive them e.g. prisoners
• not fair that someones humans right are respected and others aren’t
• should everyone have human rights, even if that limits someone else’s

Question 5

social justice

Answer 5

research should make a meaningful contribution to the world

Question 6

examples of social justice and research

Answer 6

-is plastic surgery research and development meaningful?
- is it traumatic to tell children that santa doesn’t exist?
Veyr subjective since what is meaningful to one person may ave no meaning to someone else

Question 7

research should

Answer 7

-encourage positive social change, challenge the status quo, emancipate, enlighten, and give power/ voice to the powerless

Question 8

we should strive to

Answer 8

conduct research in a way that doesn’t replicate/ reinforce existing power dynamics

Question 9

existing power dynamics within research

Answer 9

e.g. developed universities working with univerisistes in developing countries e.g. colonisation?

Question 10

7 reasons we need research ethics

Answer 10

• slippery slope
• protect human rights ( prevent harm to the community and the researcher)
• research should look to benefit society
• collaberative research
• least possible damage
• requirement for funding and publication
• it is the law
• researchers cannot be trusted to act in the best interest of participants- act in their own ethical way

Question 11

key reason we must have ethical code of conducts within research

Answer 11

researchers cannot be trusted t act in the best interest of participants

Question 12

4 examples f ethical codes and guidelines

Answer 12

(1) general codes
(2) disciplinary codes
(3) funding codes
(4) cultural codes

Question 13

General codes

Answer 13

nuremberg, helsinki, belmont

Question 14

disciplinary codes

Answer 14

British Psychological society, Association of internet researchers

Question 15

FUNDING CODES

Answer 15

Economic and social research council (UK), National health and medical research council (Australia), Office for human research protection (USA)

Question 16

Economic and social research council

Answer 16

UK

Question 17

National health and medical research council

Answer 17

Aus

Question 18

Office for human research protection

Answer 18

USA

Question 19

Cultural codes

Answer 19

WHO ethics and health in indigenous people, NHMRC guidelines of ethical conduct in aboriginal an dTorres Strait islander health research; NZ government guidelines for health research involving Maori

Question 20

negatives of ethical codes and guidelines

Answer 20

some are more prescriptive than others and cannot anticipate all ethical dilemmas–> provide a framework to guide decisions and justify choices.

Question 21

relevant laws in the UK

Answer 21

Mental capacity Act 2005
- adult with incapacity(scot) 2000
Data protection act 1998
Freedom of information act 2000
Access to health record act 1990
human tissue act 2004

Question 22

relevant laws: international

Answer 22

• federal policy for the protection of human subjects- USA

- Privacy act 1998, research involving human embryos act 2002, Gene technology act 2000, therapeutic good act 1989(aus)

Question 23

ethics ar not fixed

Answer 23

• no rights or wrong answer
• ethics vary according to culture, region, upbringing and experiences
• codes and guideline evolve over time
• ethics are collective practice

Question 24

ethics are collective practices

Answer 24

what the majority of people agree to be ethical- not done in isolation

Question 25

where does ethics fit in the research life cycle

Answer 25

everywhere

Question 26

ethical review

Answer 26

the process of having your research approved by an ethics committee

Question 27

ethics research

Answer 27

the practice of conducting research in a way that adheres to ethical guidelines and approvals

Question 28

How did we get ehre

Answer 28

• nazi experiemntation
• tuskegee syphilis study
• stanford prison experiment