Introduction

Question 1

How many paracetamol can kill someone?

Answer 1

20

Question 2

What can chronic dosing of eight tablets a day do?

Answer 2

affect liver function

Question 3

What is the aim of a living system?

Answer 3

Maximise order- requires energy

Minimise disorder

Question 4

What leads to poor health?

Answer 4

Molecules not in the right place, amount, time, environment or temperature

Question 5

What is pharmacology?

Answer 5

studies the effects of molecules with defined effects on physiological and biochemical activity of cells up through to the level of a person

Question 6

What is endogenous?

Answer 6

within the body

Question 7

What is exogenous I?

Answer 7

Natural

Question 8

What is exogenous II?

Answer 8

Synthetic

Question 9

What is clinical pharmacology?

Answer 9

understanding endogenous signalling molecules and there cellular targets

Question 10

What does MEF stand for?

Answer 10

Matter, energy and fields

Question 11

What does a cell require?

Answer 11

Substrate supply system, product distribution system, waste removal system

Question 12

How is homeostasis controlled?

Answer 12

Negative feedback

Question 13

What does homeostasis need?

Answer 13

Something needing controlling
Sensor
Set point
Error signal
Controller
Effector
Communication routes

Question 14

What are the temperature ranges for hyperthermia?

Answer 14

38-40

Question 15

What are the temperature ranges for hypothermia?

Answer 15

34-36 (mid-mild)

Question 16

What does the endocrine system use to communicate?

Answer 16

Hormones that act over long distances through blood stream

e.g. digestion, metabolism, growth, metabolism, sexual

Question 17

What are the different types of hormones?

Answer 17

Amines- hydrophilic- seconds- cytosolic second messenger
Peptides and Proteins- hydrophilic - minutes- protein kinase
Steriods- lipophilic (intracellular receptors)- hours

Question 18

How are hormones used exogenously?

Answer 18

Adrenaline- IV

Steroids- anti inflammatory

Question 19

Where do paracrine hormones targetted?

Answer 19

Nearby cells e.g. neurotransmitters

Question 20

What does excitatory mean?

Answer 20

Signal increase firing rate post synaptically

Question 21

What does Inhibitory mean?

Answer 21

Signal decrease firing rate post synaptically

Question 22

What does RITE stand for?

Answer 22

Receptor
Ion channel
transporter
enzyme

Question 23

What is RITE?

Answer 23

Drug targets

Question 24

What does KING stand for?

Answer 24

Kinase Linked receptors
Ion channels
Nuclear/Intracellular
G protein coupled receptors

Question 25

What do Kinase linked receptors do?

Answer 25

Mediate signals of proteins e.g. growth factors cytokines hormones
Does this via phosphorylation of specific groups - cascade

Question 26

What do ion channels ligand gated do?

Answer 26

Bind with ligand gate ion current for duration of binding- many fast neurotransmitters e.g. ACh, GABA and NMDA
Allow ion currents and voltage change driving of modulating action potential generation in neurones and

Question 27

What do nuclear/intracellular receptors do?

Answer 27

Ligands are steroids
When binds migrated gene transcription factor in the nucleus
Activates or inactivates a set of genes

Question 28

What do G protein coupled receptors do?

Answer 28

GPCR’s
Slow neurotransmitters
Three types- S, I, Q

Question 29

What are the 4 major ion currents?

Answer 29

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-

Question 30

What do ion channels do?

Answer 30

Enable selective flow of ion current down its electrochemical gradient

Question 31

When might a molecule need transport?

Answer 31

If highly polar or going against gradient - uses ATP

Question 32

What are some important examples of neurotransmiter re-uptake transport?

Answer 32

Noradrenaline, Glutamate, Serotonin