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Physiology And Pharmacology > Electrochemical Gradients > Flashcards

Electrochemical Gradients Flashcards

1
Q

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

A

A layer through which only allowed substances can pass

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2
Q

What is black film?

A

Phospatidylserine mixed and spread onto glass or plastic plates with pin holes
Submerged into hydrophilic solution
Appears black as light is reflected black

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3
Q

What molecules can pass through a lipid bilayer easily?

A

Hydrophobic molecules e.g. O2, CO2, N2, benzene

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4
Q

What molecules can pass through a lipid bilayer quite easily?

A

Small uncharged polar molecules e.g. H2O, Urea, Glycerol

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5
Q

What molecules can pass through a lipid bilayer but very slowly?

A

Large uncharged polar molecules e.g. Glucose and Sucrose

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6
Q

What molecules can not pass through a lipid bilayer?

A

Ions

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7
Q

What is passive transport dependant on?

A

Permeability and concentration gradient

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8
Q

Why are transport processes so important?

A

Maintain ionic composition and intracellular pH
Regulate cell volume
Expels waste products and toxic substances
Generates ion gradients for electrical excitability of nerves and muscles
Concentration of metabolic fuels and building blocks

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9
Q

What is ping pong transport?

A

molecule goes in one side, it then closes that side and opens the other side

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10
Q

How is facilitated diffusion by ion channels different to just channels?

A

Something must bind to it to open e.g. ACh or ATP

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11
Q

What kind of plot shows km and vmax accurately?

A

Lineweaver Burke plot

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12
Q

If Delta G is positive what does this mean?

A

Active process

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13
Q

If Delta G is negative what does this mean?

A

Passive process

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14
Q

What does active or passive transport depend on?

A

Concentration ratio

Membrane potential

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15
Q

What does active transport allow?

A

The transport of ions or molecules against an unfavourable concentration or electrical gradient
Uses energy from ATP hydrolysis

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16
Q

Is there more Na inside or out of the cell?

A

Outside

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17
Q

Is there more Cl inside or out of the cell?

A

Outside

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18
Q

Is there more Ca inside or out of the cell?

A

Outside

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19
Q

Is there more K inside or out of the cell?

A

Inside

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20
Q

What is a primary active transporter?

A

Uses ATP directly e.g. Ca ATPase

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21
Q

What is uni-transport?

A

only one molecule transported at a time

22
Q

What is a uniport?

A

One molecule transported in one direction

23
Q

What is symport?

A

Two molecules transported in one direction

24
Q

What is Antiport?

A

Two molecules transported in different directions

25
Q

Where is the Potassium Sodium pump located?

A

Plasma membrane

26
Q

How many Na and K are moved in Na/K pump?

A

3Na out 2K in

27
Q

What is responsible for the resting membrane potential of -70mV?

A

K+ diffusion through channels

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the Ca-Mg-ATPase

A

High affinity for Ca
Low capacity for Ca
Mg is just used (does not move)

29
Q

What are the characteristics for the Ca Na exchanger

A

1 Ca moved out
3 Na moved in
Low affinity
High capacity

30
Q

What does the Na H exchanger exchange?

A

Sodium and H+ ions

31
Q

What is the Na-glucose cotransporter?

A

Symport (2Na and 1 glucose)

32
Q

How does Fluoxetine work?

A

Outward flow of K+ down its concentration gradient leads to uptake of serotonin in the presynaptic cleft and by platelets with Na ions, inhibits SERT and increases 5-HT action- elation and sticky blood

33
Q

What goes wrong with Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance regulator- does not pump chlorine out so unbalanced

34
Q

What is the function of the Na/K ATPase pump ?

A

Forms the Na/K gradient
Necessary for electrical excitability
Drives secondary active transport (controls pH, regulates cell volume, absorbs Na in epithelia, nutrient uptake)

35
Q

What are high levels of intracellular calcium to a cell?

A

Toxic

36
Q

What do PMCA and SERCA do?

A

Primary active transport
Expel Ca out of the cell (into ER-SERCA)
high affinity, low capacity

37
Q

What does the NCX do?

A

Secondary active transport
Expels intracellular Ca during cell recovery (polarised)
3Na Ca exchanger
low affinity, high capacity
role in cell toxicity during ischaemia/reperfusion
If depolarises reverses mode of operation

38
Q

What does the mitochondrial ca uniport do?

A

Facilitated difusión

operates at high Ca concentration to buffer potentially damaging Ca concentrations

39
Q

What are the Acid extruders?

A

Na+/H+ exchanger
Na dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchanger
Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter

40
Q

What are the base extruders?

A

Cl-/HCO3- exchanger

Anion exchanger

41
Q

What does the Na/H+ exchanger do?

A

Na in H out
regulates pH and cell volume
Activated by growth factors
Inhibited by amiloride

42
Q

What are bicarbonate transporters used for?

A

Cell volume regulation

43
Q

If the cell begins to swell, what occurs?

A

Extrude ions

44
Q

If the cell begins to shrink, what occurs?

A

Influx ions

45
Q

How is cell volume regulation achieved?

A

No standard method

different cells use different combinations of transporters

46
Q

What would occur if filtration occurred on its own?

A

Na and HCO3- ions would leave the body and H2O would follow so the person would dehydrate
Therefore bicarbonate reabsorption at proximal convoluted tube occurs

47
Q

What is the first line treatment of people with hypertension?

A

Renal control of circulating Na concentration with the water tablet

48
Q

What do Loop diuretics effect?

A

NKCC2

Thick ascending limb

49
Q

What do Thiazides effect?

A

NCCT

Distal convoluted tubule

50
Q

What do Amiloride effect?

A

ENaC

DCT

51
Q

What do spironolactone effect?

A

ROMK and CCD

Physiology And Pharmacology (8 decks)

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