introduction

Question 1

MACRONUTRIENTS
what are the 3 main macros?
do they provide energy?

Answer 1

CHO, PRO, FAT

they do provide energy

Question 2

MICRONUTRIENTS
what are the 2 main micros?
do they provide energy?

Answer 2

vitamins, minerals

do no provide energy directly, but enable macros to provide us with energy

Question 3

what is the word vitamin broken down into/ what is its meaning

Answer 3

vita=life
amine= N containing

*note, vitamins are not generally nitrogenous compounds

Question 4

what 5 things give definition to the word vitamin

Answer 4

1. organic compound
   - -distinct from CHO fats and PRO
   - -non caloric
2. natural component of food
3. essential for normal physiological function
4. specific deficiency syndrome
5. not synthesized by the host in adequate amounts

Question 5

how many vitamins exist

Answer 5

14

Question 6

what are the B vitamins?

Answer 6

thiamin (B1)
riboflavin (B2)
niacin (B3)
pyridoxine (B6)
biotin
folic acid
cobalmin(B12)

Question 7

what is beta carotene

Answer 7

• pro-vitamin A
• carotenoid (plant derived compound some of which have vit A activity)
• orange yellow colour
• non toxic, often used in multi-vit supplement

Question 8

what are the two classes of vitamins

Answer 8

water soluble

fat soluble

Question 9

what vitamins are water soluble

Answer 9

Vit B & C

Question 10

what are characteristics of water soluble vitamins

Answer 10

• dissolve in water
• cannot be stored… daily supply needed
• move directly to blood; travel freely…dont need a special binding protein
• easily taken up and released by body tissues
• excess excreted in urine therefore never a problem

Question 11

what vitamins are fat soluble

Answer 11

Vit A, D, E, K

Question 12

what are characteristics of fat soluble vitamins

Answer 12

• do not dissolve in water
• dissolve in fat
• need dietary fat to be absorbed
• enter via lymph…need transport proteins
• can be stored (liver and body fat)
• excess intake is a concern

Question 13

vitamins are organic…

they contain ______.

can be easily______.

must be handled with care during ______and ______.

which vitamin is destroyed from prolonged heating?

which vitamin is destroyed by UV light?

which vitamin is destroyed by oxygen?

Answer 13

they contain carbon.

can be easily destroyed.

storage and cooking

thiamin

riboflavin

Vit C

Question 14

what are the general functions of vitamins

Answer 14

• coenzymes** foremost role
• -> B vitamins, Vit A, K, C
• hydrogen/electron acceptors/donors
• -> B vitamins, vitamin C,E,K
• hormones
• ->vit D

Question 15

what does bioavailability mean?

Answer 15

the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

Question 16

what are the two factors that bioavailability depends on

Answer 16

2 is complex… has many factors

1. amount in food
2. amount absorbed and utilized in body

Question 17

what are some factors influencing the amount a nutrient is absorbed and utilized in the body (bioavailability)?

Answer 17

• source
• -> better to get iron from animals than plants
• health of GI tract
• nutrient-nutrient absorption
• similar structure vitamins competing for the same transporter
• individual metabolism
• cooked vs raw

Question 18

are minerals organic or inorganic compounds?

Answer 18

inorganic

they are never converted to something else

Question 19

what are two issues that occur with minerals

Answer 19

absorption

• bioavailability
• binds to other compounds

toxicity

Question 20

how are minerals classified

Answer 20

according to the amount present in the human body…
macrominerals
-Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride

trace minerals (micro)
-iron, zinc, copper, maganese, fluoride

ultra trace minerals (micro)
-selenium, molybdenum, chromium, boron, cobalt

Question 21

are ultra trace mineral essential

Answer 21

no

Question 22

what are phytochemicals

Answer 22

chemicals naturally occurring in plants, generally non-nutritive