Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Bubble Boy disease?
Who made it publicized?
How often does this occur?

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
David Vetter - Bubble Boy
1 in 100,000 births

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2
Q

Define immunity.

What are the five tasks of the immune system?

A

The state of protection against foreign pathogens or foreign substances.
Recognition, response, destruction, repair, reset.

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3
Q

Which homeostatic systems is the immune system integrated?

A

Endocrine, nervous, and metabolic

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4
Q

What are some foreign substances that affect humans? Not including viruses and prions.

A

Toxins, chemicals, allergens, self-antigens, cancer cells, etc.

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5
Q

What does microbiota direct the development of? How does the developing subject affect our microbiota? How does this work/

A

Immune responses
Immune responses shape the composition of our microbiota. Molecules secreted by bacteria modulate immune cell differentiation.

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6
Q

What are germ free mice?

A

They are mice with defects in GALT and Ab production.

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7
Q

What is the aim of the Human Microbiome Project?

A

To characterize all the microorganisms associated with health and disease.

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8
Q

What proportion of human DNA actually encodes for proteins?

A

About 1.5%

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9
Q

Name a few reasons that the core human microbiome would shift from person to person?

A

Host lifestyle, pathobiology, genotype, physiology, immune system, and environment as well as the transient members of the microbiota community on a host.

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10
Q

Define dysbiosis. Why is dysbiosis important?

A

The microbial imbalance on or inside the body that disrupts normal regulatory functions and changes the regular composition of microbiota.
Immune homeostasis is necessary for species survival.

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11
Q

Define immunogen.
Define antigen.
Define epitope.

A

Molecule that stimulates an immune response.
Molecule that binds antibodies, BcRs, or TcRs.
The part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system (aka antigenic determinant).

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12
Q

Poor recognition of epitopes is associated with the ______ microbiome.
Body location also plays a part in ____ cell tolerance.
Gut microbiota is less immunogenic that _____ microbiota.

A

Commensal
T cell
lung microbiota

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13
Q

Soluble and dead PAMPs pose a low health risk and the PRRs that recognize them typically send out cytokines such as _____ with the goal of _____.

A

IL6, IL12, and TNF

To remove microbial debris

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14
Q

Viable microorganisms elicit cytokines such as ____ while also eliciting a higher _____ production.

A

IL6, IL12, TNF

NLPR3 inflammasome

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15
Q

Classical pathogens that pose immediate danger elicit the release of what kind of cytokines? Secreting what?

A

Proinflammatory IFN beta

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16
Q

What is the danger of cross-reactive epitopes?

Eg?

A

They may cross react with other tissues in the body and cause illness, damage, or disease.
Strep epitopes in the heart.