Introduction

Question 1

Are lipid tails hydrophilic?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

Define molarity

Answer 2

Concentration of a substance in 1 L solution

Question 3

Define osmolarity

Answer 3

Concentration of PARTICLES in 1 L solution

Question 4

What is the fluid content of:

1. Total body water
2. Intracellular fluid
3. Extra cellular fluid
4. Plasma
5. Interstitial fluid

Answer 4

1. 42
2. 28
3. 14
4. 3
5. 11

Question 5

Define isotonic solution

Answer 5

Cells neither swell nor shrink when exposed to the solution

Question 6

What would an iso osmotic solution look like?

Answer 6

Water would flow into the cell but solutes can’t cross the membrane.

Question 7

What is the difference between a hypotonic and hypertonic solution?

Answer 7

Hypotonic - greater concentration of solutes in the cell

Hypertonic - greater concentration of solutes outside of the cell

Question 8

Exercise associated hypoatriema

Answer 8

Cells swell and push up against skull

Treat by ^Na which draws the H2O out (increase in urination)

Question 9

Passive transport

Answer 9

1. DOWN electrochemical gradient
2. Simple diffusion (through phospholipid bilayer)
3. Facilitated diffusion (carriers/channels)

Question 10

Active transport

Answer 10

1. AGAINST electrochemical gradient
2. Primary - pumps use ATP
3. Secondary - carriers

Question 11

How is the electrochemical gradient determined?

Answer 11

Determined by BOTH the chemical and electrical driving forces

Question 12

What does electrical driving force depend on?

Answer 12

Concentration AND charge

Question 13

What does chemical driving force depend on?

Answer 13

Concentration

Question 14

Which 4 ions/molecules are of greater concentration OUTSIDE the cell?

Answer 14

Na+
Ca2+
Cl-
HCO3-

Question 15

Which 5 ions/molecules are of greater concentration INSIDE the cell?

Answer 15

K+
Amino acids 
Protein
Phosphate 
HCO3-

Question 16

Simple diffusion

Answer 16

Movement of a solute down a concentration gradient

Question 17

What is the rate of simple diffusion

Answer 17

Area/distance

Also dependent on permeability

Question 18

What is a key feature of facilitated diffusion

Answer 18

It reaches a maximum

It also moves down the electrochemical gradient

Question 19

What do primary and secondary active transport have in common?

Answer 19

Both travel against electrochemical gradient

Question 20

Name the type of transport:

Na and K pump moves both ions against the electrochemical gradient

Answer 20

Primary active transport

Question 21

Name the type of transport

Movement of amino acids from low to high concentration and Na down electrochemical gradient via a symporter

Answer 21

Secondary active transport (cotransport)

Question 22

How is plasma osmolarity regulated?

Answer 22

1. When it rises, error signal increases.
2. Regulatory mechanism activated.
3. Plasma osmolarity decreases and error signal decreases

Question 23

What type of feedback does homeostasis involve

Answer 23

Negative

Question 24

Fill in the blanks on the Nervous System:

Message = _____________
Travels in = _____________
Target = _______________

Answer 24

Neurotransmitters

Synapse

Neutrons, muscle and glands

Question 25

Fill in the blanks on the Endocrine System:

Message = _____________
Travels in = _____________
Target = _______________

Answer 25

Hormones

Bloodstream

Most cell types