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AP Comparative Government- Addi > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

advanced democracies

A

Well established democratic governments and a high level of economic development.
ex. Great Britain

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2
Q

authoritarian regime

A

Decisions are made by political elites without much input from citizens.

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3
Q

bicameral, unicameral legislatures

A

Legislatures are a branch of government that are in charge of making laws. Bicameral is two houses, unicameral is one house.

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4
Q

bureaucratic authoritarian regimes

A

One ruler or a small group of leaders have the real power in authoritarian political systems. Citizens do not have any voice in how they are ruled.

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5
Q

bureaucracy

A

Consists of agencies that put government policy into place. Is part of the executive branch.

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6
Q

cabinet coalition

A

If the country has a multi-party system with no clear majority party, a cabinet coalition will form (when several parties join forces and are represented in different cabinet posts).

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7
Q

causation

A

The idea that one variable causes or influences another.

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8
Q

checks and balance

A

The system of checks and balances is used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch.

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9
Q

civil liberties

A

Promotion of freedom.

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10
Q

civil society

A

Voluntary organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests.

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11
Q

coinciding/crosscutting cleavages

A

Coinciding means the same against each other- more explosive.
Crosscutting means different groups against each other.

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12
Q

command economics

A

The government owns almost all industrial enterprises and retail sales.

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13
Q

common law/code law

A

Common law- based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents.
Code law- based on a comprehensive system of written rules of law divided into commercial, civil, and criminal codes.

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14
Q

communism

A

Values equality over freedom. The central government takes over all resources to distribute equally among people. There is no private ownership or property.

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15
Q

competitive elections

A

They are regular, free, and fair. The election offers a real possibility that the incumbent government may be defeated.

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16
Q

confederal system

A

Spreads government to sub-units (states), has a weaker central government.

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17
Q

conflictual political culture

A

Citizens are sharply divided. Different groups clash with opposing beliefs and values.

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18
Q

consensual political culture

A

Citizens tend to agree on the appropriate means of making political decisions and to agree on the major problems facing the society and how to solve them.

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19
Q

conservatism

A

Much less supportive of change, sees it as disruptive. Favors tradition.

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20
Q

constitutional courts

A

A high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional.

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21
Q

co-optation

A

To assimilate, take, or win over into a larger or established group.

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22
Q

corporatism

A

A method through which business, labor, and/or other interest groups bargain with the state over economic policy. Gives the public a limited influence on policy making.

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23
Q

correlation

A

When a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable.

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24
Q

cosmopolitanism

A

A universal political order that draws its identity and values from everywhere. A world view.

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25
Q

coup d’état

A

The removal of a leader.

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26
Q

democratic consolidation

A

Creates a stable political system that is supposed by all parts of the society. The process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that means it is unlikely to revert to authoritarianism.

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27
Q

democratic corporatism

A

HELP!!! MOM!!!

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28
Q

Democracy Index

A

‘The Economic’ Intelligence unit began publishing a “democracy index” in 2007, in which the organization ranks countries around the globe in terms of democratic practices.

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29
Q

direct democracy

A

A form of government in which all laws are created by a general vote of society. Individuals have immediate say.

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30
Q

economic liberalization

A

The process of limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces.

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31
Q

electoral system

A

The rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature.

32
Q

elites

A

People who hold political power.

33
Q

empirical data

A

Based on factual statements and statistics.

34
Q

fascism

A

Not about freedom or equality, believes that people exist in groups of inferiority (low status) and superiority (hight status).

35
Q

federal system

A

Power spread among local authorities, but still has a central force.
Ex. US

36
Q

first-past-the-post (plurality, winner-take-all)

A

US, India, and Great Britain use a system called ‘first-past-the-post’, they divide their constituencies into single-member-districts where candidates compete for a single representative’s seat. It is also called the ‘plurality system’ or the ‘winner-takes-all’ system, because the winner does not need majority to win, but simply must get more votes then anyone else.

37
Q

foreign direct investment

A

Purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm.

38
Q

fragmentation

A

Divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity. Tears people of the world apart.

39
Q

Freedom House ratings

A

An organization that studies democracy around the world, ranks countries on a 1 to 7 freedom scale.
1 = most free
7 = least free

40
Q

Gini Index

A

A mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society.

41
Q

centripetal forces

A

Bind together people of a state. Pulls together: whirlpool.

Ex. nationalism, schools

42
Q

centrifugal forces

A

Destabilize the government, makes country fall apart. Pulls apart: tornado.

43
Q

globalization

A

The integration of social, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations. Deepens and widens international connections.

44
Q

head of government

A

In charge of everyday tasks and running the state.

Ex. prime minister

45
Q

head of state

A

Symbolizes and represents the people.

Ex. the queen

46
Q

hypothesis

A

A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables.

47
Q

illiberal democracies

A

Countries that have democratic procedures in place but have significant restrictions on them.

48
Q

independent variable

A

Does not rely on anything.

49
Q

dependent variable

A

Relies on something and is effected.

50
Q

indications of democratization

A

HELP!!!!!

51
Q

indirect democracy

A

Elected officials represent the people.

52
Q

informal polotics

A

Takes into consideration not only the way that politicians operate outside their formal powers, but also the impact that beliefs, values, and actions of ordinary citizens have on policymaking.

53
Q

initiative

A

A vote on a policy that is initiated by the people.

54
Q

institutions, institutionalized

A

Stable, long lasting organizations that help to turn political ideas into policy.

55
Q

integration

A

an act or instance of integrating an organization, place of business, school. HELP!!!!!

56
Q

interest group pluralism

A

Autonomous groups compete with each other and with the government for influence over state policies.

57
Q

judicial review

A

The mechanism that allows courts to review laws and executive actions for their constitutionality.

58
Q

legitimacy (traditional, charismatic, rational-legal)

A

Traditional: the belief the tradition should determine who rules and how.
Charismatic: based on the dynamic personality of an individual leader or small group.
Rational-legal: based on a system of well established laws and procedures.

59
Q

liberal democracies

A

Display other democratic characteristics beyond having competitive elections.

60
Q

liberalism as a political ideology

A

Places emphasis on individual and economic freedom.

61
Q

liberalism as an approach to economic and political change.

A

Thinks change is good, should try new ideas.

No violence.

62
Q

linkage institutions

A

Links the government and citizens together.

Ex. political parties, interest groups.

63
Q

market economies

A

An economy in which decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system.

64
Q

marketization

A

Describes the state’s re-creation of a market in which property, labor, goods, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value.

65
Q

military rule

A

In states where legitimacy and stability are in question.

HELP!!!

66
Q

mixed economy

A

Where elements of both command and market economies are present.

67
Q

mixed electoral system

A

Combines both the plurality system and the proportional system.

68
Q

multi-member district, single-member districts

A

Multi-memebr: more then one legislative seat is contested in each district.
Single-member: candidates compete for a single representative’s seat.

69
Q

multi-party system

A

A system in which multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition. HELP!!!!!

70
Q

nation

A

A group of people that are bound together by a common political identity.

71
Q

nationalism

A

The sense of belonging and identity that distinguishes one nation from another. Identities based on nationhood.

72
Q

normative questions

A

HELP!!!!! p.13

73
Q

state of nature

A

State of humans without government.

74
Q

autonomy

A

Independence or freedom.

75
Q

authority

A

The power to determine or adjudicate (decide).

76
Q

legitimacy

A

Popular expectance of authority.

AP Comparative Government- Addi (6 decks)

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