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Philosophy > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

0
Q

what are the 7 main fields of philosophy

A

philosophical reasoning and logic, metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, the philosophy of science, social and political philosophy, aesthetics

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1
Q

what is aesthetics?

A

the study of beauty and artistic taste

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2
Q

what does philosophical reasoning and logic deal with

A

the pursuit of truth and reasoning. what counts as a valid argument

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3
Q

what field of philosophy examines the nature of being and asks big questions

A

metaphysics

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4
Q

what kind of questions does ethics ask

A

how should we conduct ourselves? what counts as good behaviour

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5
Q

what is epistemology about

A

knowledge, inquiries, how do we know something

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6
Q

what are the 6 enduring understandings

A

seeing strengths in others’ arguments is a virtue. it is important to bring in history and cultural sensitivity into our of what is being argued. it is important to consider all answers before choosing one. you can change your mind. be clear. see philosophy everywhere

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7
Q

what is an abductive argument

A

an argument in which the conclusion is “best guess”

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8
Q

what is an argument

A

the reasons that support a particular conclusion

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9
Q

what is a conclusion

A

a decision, judgement, or opinion reached by reasoning

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10
Q

what is contradiction

A

a statement that is contrary to another statement

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11
Q

what is a deductive argument

A

an argument in which the conclusion is reached with reasoning

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12
Q

what is formal logic

A

the study of deductive arguments

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13
Q

what is an inductive argument

A

and argument in which the conclusion is a general rule that is probably true based in specific premises that are true

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14
Q

what’s an invalid deductive argument

A

An argument in which the conclusions does not follow the premises

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15
Q

what is the principle of sufficient reason

A

a belief that everything (whether it is a thing, event, or a proposition) must have a reason or cause

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16
Q

what is a proposition

A

a statement that is considered to be either true or false

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17
Q

what is reasoning

A

the process of forming conclusions, judgements, or inferences from facts or premises

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18
Q

what is a valid deductive argument

A

an argument in which the conclusion logically follows the premises

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19
Q

what is the value of philosophy according to Bertrand Russell

A

it enriches thought with big ideas that are worth contemplation.

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20
Q

what are the three branches of philosophy studied in this course

A

ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics

21
Q

what is the law of the excluded middle

A

a law that states that a specific proposition is either true or false. with no middle ground

22
Q

what is the law of identity

A

a law that states that a thing is the thing same as itself: A is A

23
Q

what is the law of non contradiction

A

a law that states that a proposition cannot be true and false at the same time in the same respect

24
Q

what is logical entailment

A

a relationship in which the conclusion must be true because the premises are true

25
Q

what is ockhams razor

A

a rule of thinking that favours the simplest solution and used fewest entities to solve the problem

26
Q

what is a premise

A

a statement that is assumed to be true to reach a conclusion

27
Q

What is philosophy

A

The love of wisdom

28
Q

What does philosophy begin with

A

wonder

29
Q

Why is philosophy valued by bertrand russell

A

it can enlarge our thoughts and free us from the restrictions of habits and customs

30
Q

What is the primary message of the allegory of the cave

A

the escape from ignorance to wisdom

31
Q

What is the point of the false mirror by Rene Magritte

A

it challenges us to question what we know as reality.

32
Q

What are the 5 main reasons that reason is important

A

helps us make decisions, helps us avoid manipulation, helps us determine the validity of info and how to use it, helps us defend our own positions, helps us make sense of our world

33
Q

what occurs when the conclusion must be true given that the premises are true

A

logical entailment

34
Q

What is the idol of the tribe

A

Biases that are inherent in human nature.

35
Q

what is the idol of the cave

A

Biases unique to the individual created by their household and their everyday life

36
Q

What is the idol of the market place

A

biases created in language and the use of words

37
Q

What are idols of the theatre

A

biases created by established systems

38
Q

What are four other ways that our thoughts can be coloured according to bacon

A

Stereotypes, self interest, peer pressure, confirmation bias

39
Q

What is the criteria for a cogent argument

A

the meanings of terms is clear and appropriate, the premises are accepted as true, the premises give strong support for the conclusion

40
Q

when does a problematical premise occur

A

when the premise contradicts other true premises, your premises should cohere with your life experiences, must be based off a credible source

41
Q

What fallacy occurs when you misinterpret someones argument in a way that is easy to knock down.

A

straw man fallacy

42
Q

What fallacy occurs when you believe something simply because most people do

A

bandwagon

43
Q

What is appealing to ignorance

A

there is no evidence to p so p is false

there is no evidence for the falsehood of p so p is true

44
Q

What is begging the question

A

using induction to justify induction

45
Q

what fallacy occurs when you say something that has two or more meanings

A

equivocation

46
Q

What is an accident fallacy

A

overlooking atypical situations and applying them to typical situations.

47
Q

what is the fallacy of hasty generalization

A

when atypical situations are used to undermine typical situations

48
Q

What is composition

A

apply the entirety of an object to its parts

49
Q

What is decomposistion

A

applying the entirety of an object to it’s parts

50
Q

What happens when you mistake a correlation for causation

A

post hoc

Philosophy (6 decks)

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