Introduction Flashcards
what are the 7 main fields of philosophy
philosophical reasoning and logic, metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, the philosophy of science, social and political philosophy, aesthetics
what is aesthetics?
the study of beauty and artistic taste
what does philosophical reasoning and logic deal with
the pursuit of truth and reasoning. what counts as a valid argument
what field of philosophy examines the nature of being and asks big questions
metaphysics
what kind of questions does ethics ask
how should we conduct ourselves? what counts as good behaviour
what is epistemology about
knowledge, inquiries, how do we know something
what are the 6 enduring understandings
seeing strengths in others’ arguments is a virtue. it is important to bring in history and cultural sensitivity into our of what is being argued. it is important to consider all answers before choosing one. you can change your mind. be clear. see philosophy everywhere
what is an abductive argument
an argument in which the conclusion is “best guess”
what is an argument
the reasons that support a particular conclusion
what is a conclusion
a decision, judgement, or opinion reached by reasoning
what is contradiction
a statement that is contrary to another statement
what is a deductive argument
an argument in which the conclusion is reached with reasoning
what is formal logic
the study of deductive arguments
what is an inductive argument
and argument in which the conclusion is a general rule that is probably true based in specific premises that are true
what’s an invalid deductive argument
An argument in which the conclusions does not follow the premises
what is the principle of sufficient reason
a belief that everything (whether it is a thing, event, or a proposition) must have a reason or cause
what is a proposition
a statement that is considered to be either true or false
what is reasoning
the process of forming conclusions, judgements, or inferences from facts or premises
what is a valid deductive argument
an argument in which the conclusion logically follows the premises
what is the value of philosophy according to Bertrand Russell
it enriches thought with big ideas that are worth contemplation.
what are the three branches of philosophy studied in this course
ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics
what is the law of the excluded middle
a law that states that a specific proposition is either true or false. with no middle ground
what is the law of identity
a law that states that a thing is the thing same as itself: A is A
what is the law of non contradiction
a law that states that a proposition cannot be true and false at the same time in the same respect
what is logical entailment
a relationship in which the conclusion must be true because the premises are true
what is ockhams razor
a rule of thinking that favours the simplest solution and used fewest entities to solve the problem
what is a premise
a statement that is assumed to be true to reach a conclusion
What is philosophy
The love of wisdom
What does philosophy begin with
wonder
Why is philosophy valued by bertrand russell
it can enlarge our thoughts and free us from the restrictions of habits and customs
What is the primary message of the allegory of the cave
the escape from ignorance to wisdom
What is the point of the false mirror by Rene Magritte
it challenges us to question what we know as reality.
What are the 5 main reasons that reason is important
helps us make decisions, helps us avoid manipulation, helps us determine the validity of info and how to use it, helps us defend our own positions, helps us make sense of our world
what occurs when the conclusion must be true given that the premises are true
logical entailment
What is the idol of the tribe
Biases that are inherent in human nature.
what is the idol of the cave
Biases unique to the individual created by their household and their everyday life
What is the idol of the market place
biases created in language and the use of words
What are idols of the theatre
biases created by established systems
What are four other ways that our thoughts can be coloured according to bacon
Stereotypes, self interest, peer pressure, confirmation bias
What is the criteria for a cogent argument
the meanings of terms is clear and appropriate, the premises are accepted as true, the premises give strong support for the conclusion
when does a problematical premise occur
when the premise contradicts other true premises, your premises should cohere with your life experiences, must be based off a credible source
What fallacy occurs when you misinterpret someones argument in a way that is easy to knock down.
straw man fallacy
What fallacy occurs when you believe something simply because most people do
bandwagon
What is appealing to ignorance
there is no evidence to p so p is false
there is no evidence for the falsehood of p so p is true
What is begging the question
using induction to justify induction
what fallacy occurs when you say something that has two or more meanings
equivocation
What is an accident fallacy
overlooking atypical situations and applying them to typical situations.
what is the fallacy of hasty generalization
when atypical situations are used to undermine typical situations
What is composition
apply the entirety of an object to its parts
What is decomposistion
applying the entirety of an object to it’s parts
What happens when you mistake a correlation for causation
post hoc
