Chapter 4- Metaphysics Flashcards
What is materialism
Matter is the ultimate reality
What is idealism?
The belief that mind is reality
What is monism?
The belief that reality is ultimately one all encompassing thing that is, matter or mind
What is dualism
The belief that reality consists of two fundamentally different things, matter and mind
What did Heraclitus believe
All things come and pass with accordance to the logos
What is paremenides monism
The belief that everything is timeless and unchanging. Nothing can deteriorate because those are forms of non being
What is platos idea of forms
That everything in the universe is partake of it’s form in heaven
Are forms vulnerable
No, forms can not be subjected to change
What is the ultimate truth and ultimate reality
It is empty
How many kinds of substances were there according to Descartes
2
What is a thinking substance according to Descartes
A thing that’s essence is thought
What is an extended substance
A thing that’s essence is to take up space
What was spinozas criticism of Descartes view of the substance
He said it was a contradiction to believe there are multiple kinds of substances. There can only be one that is only dependent on itself
Who believed that everything finite is an expression of the infinite substance
Spinoza
What did Heidegger attempt to do
Reawaken the sense of wonder
What is at the top of platos hierarchy of forms
Good
What is Abu nasr’s diagnosis of zasetsky
Zasetskys agent intellect is not damaged, but his active intellect is.
What are the four types of intellect
Potential, active, acquired, agent
What would be ibn sinas diagnosis
His mind is fine, his brain is damaged. This will heal when he dies
What are Descartes six parts of the mind
Immateriality, unity, thinking, self-knowing, immortality, and innate ideas
What would be lockes diagnosis
Zasetskys mind is greatly diminished. There is no difference between the mind and the brain and his blank slate is ruined
What is kants diagnosis
Part of Zasetskys reality is damaged but he is still aware so it’s not that bad
What is identity theory
Mental states are identical to brain states
What was hillary putnams critique of identity theory
Activities going on in human minds could be going on in another animals. So we can’t just apply mental states to brain states
What is the quaila criticism of identity theory
Conscious states are subjective and qualitative while brain states are not
What is eliminative materialism
The belief that common sense psychology will be eliminated and replaced with neuroscience
What are the three cosmological arguments according to Thomas aquinas
Prime mover, uncaused cause, independent from dependency
What was Bertrand Russell’s criticism of the cosmological argument
There should be an explanation as to why the first cause is exempt from causation
What are the 7 forms of atheism
Strong atheism, weak atheism,agnosticism, strong agnosticism, weak agnosticism, agnostic theism, apatheism
What are the 5 arguments of atheism
Argument from poor design, argument from non belief, argument from parsimony, omnipotence paradox, argument from free will
What is nihilism
The belief that life has no subjective or objective meaning. Nothing matters
What is atheistic existentialism
The belief that because there is no objective meaning of life your meaning must be chosen by you
What is the meaning of life in accordance to theistic existentialism
You give meaning to your life, love authentically
What is ataraxia
The belief that true pleasure is an inner stillness, the belief that everything should be enjoyed in moderation
Who is Tolstoy and what did he believe was the meaning of life according to him
Tolstoy is a man who became very successful but felt miserable. He had accomplished all of his dreams but had no foundation. He contemplated suicide but then he decided that the meaning of like was unrational faith
Who believed that existence precedes essence! That you make your own meaning of life
Jean Paul Sarte
What is the perceiver relativity argument
The belief that we can not judge the universe in anyway because we only see a little bit of the entirety of it
What is the anthropic principle
The universe is just right for human life
What did Schopenhauer relate the cosmological argument to in his critique and what did he say
A cab ride. The laws of causality are not so accommodating as to let itself be used as a hired cab
What is Kant’s critique of the ontological argument
He said that existence is not a property of a thing rather it is a relationship a thing may or may mot have with reality
What is deism
The belief that a supreme being created the world and set it in motion but does not intervene
What is the ontological argument
People have innate ideas of the perfect God. If he is perfect then he just be perfect in all ways including the aspect of existence
What would Descartes diagnoses of zasestsky be
Zasetskys mind is perfect it is just his brain that is experiencing some difficulty
What did Heidegger believe in being
Philosophers have been very wrong! Being is not something special like a timeless form or substance
What would cognitive science’s diagnosis of zasestsky be
He has severe but not reality threatening injuries
According to Thomas nagel why can’t humans know what it’s like to be a bat
Because at most we can experiencing being a bat from a human perspective
What is the new mysteria ism
The belief that the human mind is structured in a way that certain problems are unsolvable to it
Like the mind body problem
