Introduction

Question 1

What is pharmacognosy?

Answer 1

It studies crude drugs from natural sources treated scientifically and it includes the knowledge of history, distribution, cultivation, collection, processing for market and preservation. The study of sensory, physical, chemical, and structural characteristics.

Question 2

What are the sources of drugs?

Answer 2

Plant material (root, leaf, herb, flower, fruit, essential oil)
Animal material (poison, fish oil, fat)
Mineral materials (talk, white clay, chalk, asbestos)

Question 3

What was the first drug?

Answer 3

Theriac which contained 64 different mineral and herbal drugs.

Question 4

Position and arrangement of leaves.

Answer 4

1. radical or cauline
2. adnation
3. alternate, opposite, decussate, whorled

Question 5

From which tissues is bark contained?

Answer 5

1. epidermis
2. primary cortex
3. endodermis
4. pericycle
5. phloem

Question 6

Leaves and leaflets.

Answer 6

duration - deciduous or evergreen
leaf base - stipulate or exstipulate
petiole - petiolate or sessile

Question 7

Inflorescence and flowers.

Answer 7

duration - deciduous or evergreen
leaf base - stipulate or exstipulate
petiole - petiolate or sessile

inflorescence can be:
-racemose
-cymose
-mixed

types of flowers:
-monocotyledons or dicotyledons
-unisexual or hermaphrodite

Question 8

Fruits.

Answer 8

a. simple
b. aggregate
c. collective

Question 9

The microscopic examination of crude drugs.

Answer 9

1. size, shape, and relative position of the different cells and tissues
2. chemical nature of cell walls
3. form and chemical nature of cell contents

Question 10

Techniques in microscopy.

Answer 10

1. microprojection
2. photomicrography
3. electron microscopy
4. phase-contrast microscopy
5. ultraviolet microscopy