Drugs with hydrocarbons Flashcards
Pharmacognosy II
What are hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons contain C and H and by addition of functional groups can form other natural compounds. The most common functional groups: are carboxylic acid, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and phenols. We have also monobasic, dibasic, and tribasic, alcohols, esters, and waxes.
The Latin name for Roselle.
- Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae)
- dried calyces and epicalyces
What kind of acids does it contain?
- citric
- tartaric
- malic
- lactone and hydroxy citric acid
For what is it used?
a. colorant and flavoring component of herbal preparations
b. astringent and cooling agent
c. diuretic action
The Latin name for Gum Benjamin.
Sumatra benzoin and Siam benzoin
It is obtained from what?
Sumatra benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from the incised stem Styrax benzoin, and Styrax paralleloneurus.
Which acids does it contain?
It contains free balsamic acid (cinnamic and benzoic) and esters derived from them.
Uses of Sumatra Benzoin.
- expectorant and antiseptic
- ingredient of friar’s balsam or as cosmetic lotion
- food, drinks, perfumery, and toiletry industries
- component of incense
Constituents of artichoke leaf.
- phenolic acid (chlorogenic, caffeic, and cynarin)
- flavonoids (luteolin-7beta-d-glucoside and 7beta-d-rutionoside)
- volatile oils, sesquiperpene lactones
The Latin name for artichoke leaf.
Cynara scolymus
Uses of artichoke leaf.
- indigestion and dyspepsia
- cholagogue
- hepatoprotective properties and antioxidant activity
The Latin name for nettle leaf.
Urtica dioica and U. urens
Constituents of nettle.
- acids (chlorogenic, caffeoylmallic, caffeic, malic, fumaric)
- flavonoids (quercetin and its glycosides isoquercitrin and rutin)
- 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
Uses of nettle.
- diuretic
- rheumatic
3.assist micturition in cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia
The Latin name for coneflowers.
Echinaceae angustifolia (roots), narrow-leaved coneflower, and E. pallida (pale flower).
Constituents of coneflower.
- echinacoside
- cynarin
- esters involving tartaric acid, such as caftaric acid and cichoric acid
- polysaccharides, alkaylamides, acetylenes
Uses of coneflower.
- immunostimulant properties
- common cold and other respiratory complaints
The Latin name for almond oil.
Prunus dulcis
Uses of almond oil.
- volatile almond oil is used as flavoring agent
- laxative action
- toilet article and vehicle for oily injection
The Latine name for coconut oil.
Cocos nucifera
Characteristics of coconut oil.
Consists of triglycerides mainly lauric and myristic, together with smaller quantities caproic, caprylic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids.
Due to its constitution, it has very low iodine value and high saponification value.
It is easily absorbed from GIT (fat absorption problems) due to medium chain-length acids.
Nonaqueous medium for oral administration of some medicines.
The Latin name for linseed oil.
Linum usitatissimum
Uses of linseed oil.
- to make demulcent preparations
- used in liniments and has antibacterial properties
Constitution of linseed oil.
30-40% fixed oil, 6% mucilage, 25% protein, and small quantities of cyanogenetic glucosides linamarin, and lotaustralin.
The Latin name for olive oil.
Olea europeae
List the types of olive oil.
- produced in Italy, Spain, Asia Minor and California which contains more olein and less linolein
- produced in Dodecanese and Tunisia
Uses of olive oil.
- for preparation of soaps, plasters
- for the manufacture of parenteral preparations
- against colonic carcinogenesis
- alpha-linolenic acid
The Latin name for sunflower oil.
Helianthus annuus
Components of Helianthus annuus.
a. linoleic acid
b. oleic acid
c. palmitic acid
d. stearic acid
The Latin name for castor oil.
Ricinus communis
Composition of castor oil.
46-53% fixed oil which consists of glycosides of ricinoleic, isoricinoleic, stearic, and dihydroxy stearic acid.
Uses of ricinus.
- has purgative action after food poisoning and for intestinal examination due to ricinoleic acid and its stereoisomer which are produced by hydrolysis in duodenum
- seeds have much more violent action
- non-ionic surfactant (castor oil reacts with ethylene oxide) are used in certain IV preparations which contain drug with low aqueous solubility
- non-pharmaceutical uses
The Latin name beewax.
Apis mellifica
Constituents of beewax.
a. 80% myricyl palmitate and little myricyl stearate
b. 15% of free cerotic acid
Uses of beeswax.
It is used for the preparation of plasters, ointment, and polishes.
The Latin name for Carnuba wax.
Copernicia cerifera
Constituent of Carnauba wax.
Myricyl cerotate
Uses of Carnauba wax.
- tablet-coating agent
- for the manufacture of candles and leather polish
