Drugs with hydrocarbons

Question 1

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 1

Hydrocarbons contain C and H and by addition of functional groups can form other natural compounds. The most common functional groups: are carboxylic acid, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and phenols. We have also monobasic, dibasic, and tribasic, alcohols, esters, and waxes.

Question 2

The Latin name for Roselle.

Answer 2

• Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae)
• dried calyces and epicalyces

Question 3

What kind of acids does it contain?

Answer 3

1. citric
2. tartaric
3. malic
4. lactone and hydroxy citric acid

Question 4

For what is it used?

Answer 4

a. colorant and flavoring component of herbal preparations
b. astringent and cooling agent
c. diuretic action

Question 5

The Latin name for Gum Benjamin.

Answer 5

Sumatra benzoin and Siam benzoin

Question 6

It is obtained from what?

Answer 6

Sumatra benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from the incised stem Styrax benzoin, and Styrax paralleloneurus.

Question 7

Which acids does it contain?

Answer 7

It contains free balsamic acid (cinnamic and benzoic) and esters derived from them.

Question 8

Uses of Sumatra Benzoin.

Answer 8

1. expectorant and antiseptic
2. ingredient of friar’s balsam or as cosmetic lotion
3. food, drinks, perfumery, and toiletry industries
4. component of incense

Question 9

Constituents of artichoke leaf.

Answer 9

1. phenolic acid (chlorogenic, caffeic, and cynarin)
2. flavonoids (luteolin-7beta-d-glucoside and 7beta-d-rutionoside)
3. volatile oils, sesquiperpene lactones

Question 9

The Latin name for artichoke leaf.

Answer 9

Cynara scolymus

Question 10

Uses of artichoke leaf.

Answer 10

1. indigestion and dyspepsia
2. cholagogue
3. hepatoprotective properties and antioxidant activity

Question 11

The Latin name for nettle leaf.

Answer 11

Urtica dioica and U. urens

Question 12

Constituents of nettle.

Answer 12

1. acids (chlorogenic, caffeoylmallic, caffeic, malic, fumaric)
2. flavonoids (quercetin and its glycosides isoquercitrin and rutin)
3. 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

Question 13

Uses of nettle.

Answer 13

1. diuretic
2. rheumatic
   3.assist micturition in cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 14

The Latin name for coneflowers.

Answer 14

Echinaceae angustifolia (roots), narrow-leaved coneflower, and E. pallida (pale flower).

Question 15

Constituents of coneflower.

Answer 15

1. echinacoside
2. cynarin
3. esters involving tartaric acid, such as caftaric acid and cichoric acid
4. polysaccharides, alkaylamides, acetylenes

Question 16

Uses of coneflower.

Answer 16

1. immunostimulant properties
2. common cold and other respiratory complaints

Question 17

The Latin name for almond oil.

Answer 17

Prunus dulcis

Question 18

Uses of almond oil.

Answer 18

1. volatile almond oil is used as flavoring agent
2. laxative action
3. toilet article and vehicle for oily injection

Question 19

The Latine name for coconut oil.

Answer 19

Cocos nucifera

Question 20

Characteristics of coconut oil.

Answer 20

Consists of triglycerides mainly lauric and myristic, together with smaller quantities caproic, caprylic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids.
Due to its constitution, it has very low iodine value and high saponification value.
It is easily absorbed from GIT (fat absorption problems) due to medium chain-length acids.
Nonaqueous medium for oral administration of some medicines.

Question 21

The Latin name for linseed oil.

Answer 21

Linum usitatissimum

Question 22

Uses of linseed oil.

Answer 22

1. to make demulcent preparations
2. used in liniments and has antibacterial properties

Question 23

Constitution of linseed oil.

Answer 23

30-40% fixed oil, 6% mucilage, 25% protein, and small quantities of cyanogenetic glucosides linamarin, and lotaustralin.

Question 24

The Latin name for olive oil.

Answer 24

Olea europeae

Question 25

List the types of olive oil.

Answer 25

1. produced in Italy, Spain, Asia Minor and California which contains more olein and less linolein
2. produced in Dodecanese and Tunisia

Question 26

Uses of olive oil.

Answer 26

1. for preparation of soaps, plasters
2. for the manufacture of parenteral preparations
3. against colonic carcinogenesis
4. alpha-linolenic acid

Question 27

The Latin name for sunflower oil.

Answer 27

Helianthus annuus

Question 28

Components of Helianthus annuus.

Answer 28

a. linoleic acid
b. oleic acid
c. palmitic acid
d. stearic acid

Question 29

The Latin name for castor oil.

Answer 29

Ricinus communis

Question 30

Composition of castor oil.

Answer 30

46-53% fixed oil which consists of glycosides of ricinoleic, isoricinoleic, stearic, and dihydroxy stearic acid.

Question 31

Uses of ricinus.

Answer 31

1. has purgative action after food poisoning and for intestinal examination due to ricinoleic acid and its stereoisomer which are produced by hydrolysis in duodenum
2. seeds have much more violent action
3. non-ionic surfactant (castor oil reacts with ethylene oxide) are used in certain IV preparations which contain drug with low aqueous solubility
4. non-pharmaceutical uses

Question 32

The Latin name beewax.

Answer 32

Apis mellifica

Question 33

Constituents of beewax.

Answer 33

a. 80% myricyl palmitate and little myricyl stearate
b. 15% of free cerotic acid

Question 34

Uses of beeswax.

Answer 34

It is used for the preparation of plasters, ointment, and polishes.

Question 35

The Latin name for Carnuba wax.

Answer 35

Copernicia cerifera

Question 36

Constituent of Carnauba wax.

Answer 36

Myricyl cerotate

Question 37

Uses of Carnauba wax.

Answer 37

1. tablet-coating agent
2. for the manufacture of candles and leather polish