Drugs with carbohydrates Flashcards
Pharmacognosy II
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates contain C, H, and O in their structure, where H and O are present in the same amount as water. They are among the first products to arise as a result of photosynthesis. They make a large proportion of plant biomass, and are responsible as cellulose for rigid frameworks and as starch as a food reservoir.
The Latin name for inulin? From which family did it come?
Dhalia variabilis, Helianthus tuberosus, and Inula helenium from which it was first isolated in the 19th century. Compositae.
Characteristics of inulin.
It is sparingly soluble in cold water but it dissolves at 70°. Also, it cannot be stained by iodine nor it can be hydrolyzed.
Chemical structure of inulin.
It consists of chain 1.2-linked fructofuranose units terminated by one glucose unit.
Medicinal use of inulin.
The body does not metabolize it and it is excreted unchanged. In injection it is used to measure glomerular filtration rate.
What type of algae is used for agar production and which species?
Red algae including, Gelidium, Pterocladiam and Gracilaria. It is obtained from Gelidium amansii.
In which forms agar occur?
a. bundles of somewhat agglutinated, translucent, yellowish-white strips.
b. coarse powder of flakes
For what agar is used?
It is used for:
a. preparation of culture media
b. as an emulsifying agent
c. treatment for chronic constipation
d. in affinity chromatography
The Latin name for cotton.
Gossypium herbaceum and Gossypium barbadense
For what are used seeds of cotton?
For the preparation of cottonseed oil and cattle cake.
The Latin name for jute.
Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius.
Tow
In which form we can find starch.
It is present in seeds and underground organs. Starch occurs in the form of granules and consists of amylose and amylopectin. We can make amylose insoluble by using polar organic substances butanol and thymol. Amylose is responsible for the deep blue color.
Which starches do we use in pharmacy?
Zea mays
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivum
Solanum tuberosum
Manihot utilissima
Uses of starch.
a. dusting powder
b. skin emollient
c. as basis for enema
d. antidote for iodine poisoning
e. tablet disintegrant
f. paper, food, textile industries
The Latin name for psyllium (flea seeds).
Plantago afra, P. indica and P. ovata
Uses of flea seed.
a. demulcents
b. treatment for chronic constipation
c. ispaghula has a higher swelling factor
The Latin name for marshmallow leaf/root.
Althaea officinalis
What properties does mucilage give to marshmallow leaves?
a. emollient
b. laxative
c. antitussive
What is the usage of marshmallow leaf?
It is used for abscesses.
What kind of flavonoids it has?
- quercetin
- kaempferol
- coumarin
- polyphenolic acid
Marshmallow root has polysaccharides that by hydrolysis give?
galactose + rhamose +galacturonic acid + glucuronic acid
What are other components of mucilage?
glucans and arabins
For what is it used?
It is used as:
a. demulcents
b. for irritable cough
c. gastric inflammation
Where is mucilage in aloe vera placed?
It is placed in the parenchymatous cells of aloe vera leaf.
What are the therapeutic activities of aloe vera?
- anti-inflammatory
- gastrointestinal
- antidiabetic
- anticancer
- antifungal
- antibacterial
- radiobiological protection
What components does it have?
glucose + mannose +glucuronic acid (acetylate)
The Latin name for quinces seed and from which family it comes?
Cydonia oblonga - Rosaceae
It is composed of?
- mucilage (arabinose + xylose + uronic acid)
- fixed oil
3, cyanogenic glycoside - enzyme
Usage of quince seeds?
- demulcent
- emulsifying agent
- hair-fixing lotion
The Latine name for slippery elm bark.
Ulmus rubra
Properties of mucilage.
It consists of two or more polyuronides. It had demulcent, emollient, and nutritive properties.
The Latine name for honey.
Apis mellifera
What kind of nectar gives honey an unpleasant taste?
Datura stramonium
Rhododendron
Usage of honey.
a. component of linctus and cough mixtures
b. for Oxymel and Squill Oxymel
The Latine name for Iceland moss/cetraria.
Cetraria islandica
What kind of carbohydrates it contains, and what gives by hydrolysis?
It has lichenin (soluble in hot water and not colored by blue) and isolichenin (soluble in cold water and gives iodine blue colour, by hydrolysis gives glucose.
Usage of Iceland moss.
Usnic acid is an antibiotic and it is used as a demulcent for treatment of cough involving throat irritation. It is used as a bitter tonic to diminish the ugly taste of medicines.
