Introduction

Question 1

Process of blood cell production and where it occurs?

Answer 1

Haemopoiesis in the bone marrow

Question 2

Where are mature blood cells released?

Answer 2

Into the peripheral blood

Question 3

What is the purpose of a haematology lab?

Answer 3

Diagnosis & monitoring of diseases in the blood & blood forming organs & Screening of haematological parameters undergoing surgery

Question 4

What are the 3 phases of blood cell production?

Answer 4

1. Embryonic/Mesoblastic phase: occurs in the yolk sac (mesodermal tissue)
2. Hepatosplenic/Foetal phase: occurs in liver & spleen
3. Myeloid/Bone marrow/Adult phase: occurs in bone marrow

Question 5

What do all blood cell originate from?

Answer 5

Haemopoietic stem cells

Question 6

What does bone marrow look like using a H&E stain?

Answer 6

Pink=where blood cells are produces
White=fat cells

Question 7

What are all the mature cells seen in a healthy blood film?

Answer 7

Erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, B lymphocytes, t lymphocytes, NK cells

Question 8

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 8

~O2 carrier protein in RBC
~ Haem & globin (protein)
~Embryonic, foetal & adult haemoglobin

Question 9

What are the haemotolgical tests?

Answer 9

~Blood counts
~Microscopic blood film & bone marrow examination
~Haemostasis studies - measures clotting ability - haemophilia - prothrombin time (extrinsic) activated partial thromboplastin time(intrinsic)
~Measure nutrient requirement - B12, Folate, iron - anaemia (quality & quantity of haemoglobin of RBC)

Question 10

What is primary health care?

Answer 10

GP samples, initial screening tests if patient feels unwell

Question 11

What is secondary health care?

Answer 11

Hospital referrals - screening & diagnosis of disease

Question 12

What is tertiary health care?

Answer 12

Special centres & hospitals - University Hospitals & Transplantation

Question 13

Haematological disorders

Answer 13

~Anaemia (abnormality in quantity or quality of haemoglobin)
~Leukaemia (malignancies primarily associated with WBSs)
~Thrombocytopenia - low platelet count
~Haemophilia A - deficiency in coagulation Factor VIII

Question 14

What are the different phases of blood?

Answer 14

Cell phase = blood cells
Liquid phase = plasma

Question 15

Erythrocytes

Answer 15

~haemoglobin - transports O2 from tissue to lungs
~10% of CO2 transported
~reference values for red cell indices

Question 16

Leukocytes

Answer 16

~Fight infection & immune response
~Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte

Question 17

Platelets

Answer 17

~Thrombocytes
~Haemostasis

Question 18

Plasma

Answer 18

~Water, nutrients, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, metabolic waste
~Plasma proteins such as albumin (osmotic pressure) & immunoglobulins
~Salts (Na, K, Ca, Mg - chloride)
~Coagulation factors FVIII

Question 19

Obtaining blood sample

Answer 19

Venepuncture - obtain blood sample from veins (inside of elbow joint) - skin is soft & veins close to the skin - Needles & syringes/ vacutainers
~Obtaining blood sample = phlebotomy

Question 20

What is plasma?

Answer 20

Straw coloured fluid with coagulation factors

Question 21

What is serum?

Answer 21

Straw coloured fluid remaining when blood clots

Question 22

How much blood does an adult have?

Answer 22

5L - 40% is cells

Question 23

What is in a blood clot?

Answer 23

RBC, WBC, platelets, & fibrin

Question 24

What is buffy coat?

Answer 24

Contains WBC & platelets at interface of RBC & plasma after whole blood is centrifuged

Question 25

What does in vitro mean?

Answer 25

What happens outside the body e.g. blood tube/test tube

Question 26

What does in vivo mean?

Answer 26

What happens inside the body

Question 27

What is a blood clot called in different environments?

Answer 27

Thrombus = in vivo
Clot = in vitro

Question 28

What is plasma used for?

Answer 28

Measure parameters such as coagulation factors