Introduction Flashcards
Chemical processes in which an acid reacts with a
base.
NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS
Acid-Base Theories
- Arrhenius Concept
- Bronsted-Lowry Concept
- Lewis Acid-Base Concept
Any substance which is capable of providing hydrogen ions
(or protons H+) in aqueous solution.
Acids
Any substance containing hydroxy groups and/or capable of
providing hydroxide ion (OH-
) in aqueous solution.
Bases
Limitations of the Arrhenius Concept
is limited in that it can only describe acid-base chemistry in aqueous solutions. Similar reactions can also occur in non-aqueous solvents, however, as well as between molecules in the gas phase.
Other name of Bronsted-Lowry Concept
Protonic concept
Other name of Protonic concept
Bronsted-Lowry Concept
Any substance capable of donating a proton (H+) in a chemical reaction (difference from Arrhenius?)
Acids
Any substance capable of accepting a proton (H+) in a chemical reaction
Bases
Brönsted acid ionizes to produce a _________ and the conjugate base of the acid.
Proton
Brönsted acid ionizes to produce a proton and the
________ of the acid.
Conjugate base
are usually neutral molecules or anions, although few cases of cations acting as proton acceptors
are known.
Brönsted bases
species formed when a base accepts a proton
Conjugate acid
Strong acids have ________ and similarly, strong bases have ________
weak conjugate bases, weak conjugate acids
Any substance which can accept a share in a pair of
electrons in a reaction.
Acids
Electron acceptor
Acids
Acids: Electron acceptor (_________)
electrophilic, electron seeking
Any substance that donates a pair of electrons to share with
an acid in a reaction.
Bases
Electron donor
Bases
Electron donor (_______)
nucleophilic species
Bronsted acid is also a Lewis acid, but not all Lewis
acid are Bronsted acid.(True or False?)
True
Logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion
activity
pH
pH =
-log [H+]
In this method, an accurately weighed sample of a
pure acid or base is titrated to a well-defined
equivalence point using a known concentration of an
acid or a base using a suitable indicator.
Neutralization Titration
Neutralization Titration
In this method, an accurately weighed sample of a
pure acid or base is titrated to a well-defined
_________ using a known concentration of an
acid or a base using a suitable indicator.
equivalence point
Neutralization Titration
In this method, an accurately weighed sample of a
pure acid or base is titrated to a well-defined
equivalence point using a known concentration of an
_______ using a suitable indicator.
acid or a base
Equivalence point, relationship of analyte and titrant
moles of analyte = moles of titrant
Are usually weak organic acids or bases in which the undissociated molecule has one color
Acid-Base indicators
The anion and cation produced by dissociation has another color:
To determine the end-point
To determine the concentration of H+ or pH
To determine that a desired change in pH has been affected
