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Immunology 430 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is vaccination?

A
  • Inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened or attenuated strains of disease causing agents to prevent disease
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2
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A
  • The production of antibodies in response pathogens as a result of adaptation to infections
  • Requires response time
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3
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • Nonspecific defense against infections
  • Rapid response

ex. Macrophage (wbc) engulfs and digests microorganism

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4
Q

What is an antigen?

A
  • A substance that stimulates antibody generation and is recognized by adaptive immunity

ex. proteins, glycoproteins, polysacs of pathogens, metals, organic chemicals, and drugs

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5
Q

What is the origin of most leukocytes? What is the exception?

A
  • Most come from bone marrow where many develop and mature
  • Certain tissue resident macrophages and lymphocytes (microglia of CNS) originate from yolk sac or fetal liver during embryo development
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6
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A
  • How immune cells travel through peripheral tissue
  • Used to drain extracellular fluid and immune cells from tissue and transported as lymph
  • lymph drains into the blood stream
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7
Q

What two progenitors can be produced from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell?

A
  • Common lymphoid progenitor
    • B cells, T cells, NK cells
    • Adaptive immunity, develops in lymphoidal organs
  • Common myeloid progenitor
    • All other leukocytes, dendrites, and platelets
    • Innate immunity, develop in bone marrow
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8
Q

What are the four disease-causing microorganisms?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria and archaea
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
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9
Q

What is a microbiome?

A
  • Colonies of microbial communities that are found on skin, mucosa, gastrointestinal tract and have a symbyotic relationship with the host
  • Parasites can often get through mucosa and harm cells
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10
Q

What is the order of the body’s defenses against pathogens?

A
  • Anatomical barriers: Skin, mucosa, intestine, respiratory epithelium
  • Compliment/antimicrobial proteins: Chemical and enzymatic response near epithelial tissue
  • Innate immune cells: Macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells
  • Adaptive immunity: B cells and T cells
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11
Q

Outline the steps involved in the immune system being activated

A
  • Inflammatory inducers indicate the presence of a pathogen or tissue damage
    • Bact. lipopolysac, ATP, Urate crystals
  • Sensor cells detect signal via receptors and defend or propagate immune response
    • Macrophages, Neutrophils, dendritic cells
  • Mediators act on target tissue
    • Cytokines, cytotoxicity
  • Target tissue produces antimicrobial proteins to kill infected cells
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12
Q

Why does adaptive immunity take longer to respond compared to innate immunity?

A
  • Adaptive immunity takes longer because it involves making B cells and T cells with a specific antigen receptor to target the pathogen. Additionally memory cells ensure prolonged protection if the same pathogen invades
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13
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A
  • The development of blood cells, Both red and white, from hematopoietic stem cells
  • In bone marrow
    • T cells then mature in thymus
    • Mast cells then mature in peripheral tissue
    • Macrophages then mature in tissue
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14
Q

What is a macrophage? What are its functions?

A
  • Leukocyte
  • Found in tissue
  • Circulates (immature) as monocyte
  • Involved in Adaptive and innate

Functions:
- Phagocytosis (ingestion)
- Induce inflammation by releasing mediators o recruit immune cells
- Antigen presentation to activate T cells
- Scavenge, clear old/dead cells and debris

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15
Q

What is a neutrophil? What is its function?

A
  • Leukocyte
  • Also called PMNs
  • Most common WBC
  • First responder to infections + injuries
  • Major player in innate

Functions:
- Phagocytosis (main), and granules are released to digest bacteria
- Cytokine signaling (can signal to other immune cells)

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16
Q

What is an Eosinophil? What is its function?

A
  • Leukocyte
  • Less abundant than neutrophils
  • Granules contain enzymes and toxic proteins

Functions:
- Defend against parasitic infections
- When pathogen is too large to be engulfed it is instead broken down by granules

17
Q

What are Basophils and Mast cells? What is their function?

A

Both:
- Leukocyte
- Less abundant than neutrophils

Functions:
- Allergic response
- Defend against parasites via granule secretion

Basophils:
- Circulate in blood

Mast cells:
- Found in peripheral tissue
- Skin, intestines, airway mucosa and they’re early sensors of infection or injury

18
Q

What are Natural Killer Cells? What is their function?

A
  • Leukocytes
  • Share many functions with T cells
  • Cytotoxic molecules (release lytic granules)

Functions:
- Recognize and destroy tumor and infected cells
- Determined by activating and inhibiting ligands for NK’s innate receptors
- Tumor cells: ligand expression decreases which NK cells recognize as non-self

19
Q

What are innate lymphoid cells? What is their function?

A
  • Leukocyte
  • In peripheral tissue

Functions:
- Secrete cytokines that regulate immune cells
- Mirror T-cell functions

20
Q

What are dendritic cells? What is their function?

A
  • Leukocyte
  • In tissue
  • Bridge b/t innate and adaptive immunity

Functions:
- Activate T-cells
- Phagocytosis (innate immune receptors)
- Control response of innate immune cells

21
Q

What are T-cells? What is their function?

A
  • Leukocyte
  • Mature in Thymus
  • Naive T-cell (immature) has not been exposed to antigen

Functions:
- Effector cells
- Helper T-cells (CD4+)
- Activate immune cells
- Express CD4 co-receptor
- Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+)
- Release cytotoxins to target cells to cause apoptosis and membrane proliferation
- Regulatory T-cells
- Control immune reaction + prevent autoimmunity
- Inhibit T-cells
- Memory cells
- Have memory of receptors which can be used upon reinfection

22
Q

What is a B-cell? What is its function?

A
  • Leukocyte
  • Matures in bone marrow
  • Humoral immunity
    • Circulation via blood, mucus, tears etc.
  • Native B-cells (immature) have not been exposed to antigen

Functions:
- Effector cells
- Plasma cells (produce antibodies)
- Memory B-cells
- Function as antigen presenter

23
Q

What is an antigen? What is Immunogenicity? What is Antigenicity?

A
  • Any molecule that can specifically to an antibody or generate peptide fragments that are recognized by a T-cell receptor
    • Proteins, glycoproteins, polysac, lipids, drugs, metals, chemicals
    • Epitope is a region by which an antigen can be recognized by antigen receptors or antibodies
  • The ability to induce humoral/cell-mediated immune response
  • The ability of an antigen to bind/interact w/ B or T cell receptors
24
Q

What are the 6 types of antibody function?

A
  • Agglutination - aggregation
  • Neutralization
  • Opsonization - recognition and phagocytosis of microbes
  • Cytotoxicity
  • Degranulation
  • Compliment activation
25
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • Proteins made by a cell to illicit response
  • Cell signaling
  • Often called interleukins (IL-n)
26
Q

Identify the different leukocytes.

A
27
Q

What are the different types of microbes?

A
  • Bacteria - single celled, prokaryotes
  • Viruses - genetic material surrounded by protein coat
  • Fungi - single to multicellular, surrounded by protein coat
  • Parasites - Protozoans (single cell euk) or helminths (worms)
28
Q

What are three mechanisms pathogens use to damage tissue?

A
  • Exotoxin production
    • Proteins produced inside the pathogenic bacteria and secreted into surrounding
  • Endotoxin
    • Constitutive elements of bacteria membrane that are released when bacteria die
  • Direct cytopathic effect
    - Pathogen harms its host cell
29
Q

What are the two types of bacteria?

A
  • Gram positive (GP)
    • One membrane and thick layer of peptidoglycan
  • Gram negative (GN)
    • Two membranes + thin peptidoglycan layer
    • Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) outer membrane
30
Q

What can bacteria do to spread?

A
  • Release toxin from outside of cells
  • Invade the tissue
  • Mix of both
31
Q

Where can extracellular infection come from? Where can intracellular infection come from?

A
  • Respiratory system, Renal system, CNS
  • Immune cells, Epithelial cells, Mesenchymal cells
32
Q

What are the two types of viruses?

A

Naked:
- Protein coat (Capsid)
- Spike (membrane protein involved in entry to host)
Envelope:
- Additional membrane envelope

Both:
- RNA and DNA contents can be single or double stranded

33
Q

What are the general steps of viral infection?

A
34
Q

What are fungi?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Unicellular (yeast, budding) or multicellular (molds, asexual spores)
  • Most fungi are opportunistic
  • Dimorphic fungi are true pathogens
  • Can invade extra or intracellularly
35
Q

What are parasites?

A
  • Protozoans
    • Grouped by locomotion
    • Intra or extra
  • Helminths
    • Worms66
    • Round, flat, segmented

Immunology 430 (19 decks)

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