introduction Flashcards
chapoter 1
culture
things that are learned and shared by a group of society and are transmitted through generation
values
overarching ideas about how a society should function
norms
expected rules of behaviour that are shaped by the values held in a culture
roles
each culture will be made up of people who we will expect to behave in particular ways
status
each culture will give different levels of social esteem to its members and objectives within it
rituals
predictable, often unconscious forms of behaviour that distinguish one group from another
sanctions
penalties that are used when deviant behaviour occurs
formal norms
written
informal norms
social
ascribed status
born status
achieved status
earned status
subculture
is a group of people in society who share norms, values and beliefs that are different to mainstream culture
agencies of socialisation
mass media, peer groups, religion,
socialisation
is the process of learning ones culture- all the things that are necessary for us to be accepted as a full member of society
primary socialisation
takes place in the early years of your life and occurs largely within the family , where we learn our language, skills and norms
secondary socialisation
takes place later, in school and wider society, adult world
structural view
we are shaped by the structure of society, and act according to norms and expectations {macro}
social action view
we have free will and choice, create society through interactions {micro}
functionalists [ society is in consensus or conflict ]
consensus [agreement]
Marxists [society is in consensus or conflict ]
conflict - 2 class conflict model [ruling class vs working class ]
biological analogy
institutions support … [Marxism]
capitalism
class conflict [m]
the bourgeoisie exploit the workers and profit from their labour, Marx believed that this would lead to a revolution for a classless society
feminism [consensus or conflict ]
conflict - gender is more important and institutions are male dominated/ patriarchal
postmodernists
a post industrial society in which change is rapid and uneven, people have lost faith in religion
criticism of postmodernists
they exaggerate the changes that have happened in society
Marx [identity]
fixed - class
functionalist [identity ]
fixed - socialised
postmodernists believe
society is fragmented into different groups, these groups are based on age, gender,ethnicity, religion, sexuality and nationality. diversity means you can pick and mix identity
interactionist [response to crime]
take a social action response to crime, caused by labels
interactionist [Mary Cameron ]
shoplifting in Chicago, assumptions about the typical teenagers - w/c, black. they prosecuted more black people
inequality statistics
Richest 10% in britain own 44% of the nation’s wealth, while the poorest half share 9%
More women than men are in poverty, on average women earn 15% less than men
Manual workers earn less than non manual workers and are more likely to become unemployed, people in class v are more likely to smoke (3x)
Unemployment is twice as high for ethnic minorities than white people, em tend to earn less than white people
research methods examples
social surveys, participant observations, official statistics
