education- external -topic 1 Flashcards
chapter 2
m/c occupations
non manual, teachers, doctors
w/c occupations
manual, skilled workers such as plumbers
m/c may achieve more because ect.
- parents have a pro-school culture
- can afford a tutor
m/c pupils {achieved 5 or more a-c passes at gcse }
83%
w/c pupils {achieved 5 or more a-c passes at gcse }
44%
internal factors
factors within the school and education system. eg student and teacher
external factors
factors outside education eg. family
private schools educate 7% of the population yet
accounts for nearly half the students that go to elite universities
class differences in children’s development and achievement in early years
by the age of three children form w/c backgrounds are already a year behind
what is cultural deprivation
the basic values, attitudes and skills that are need for educational success through primary socialisation in the family. are not taught to w/c kids
three main aspects of cultural deprivation
language, parents education, w/c subculture
cultural deprivation- language theory - who’s theory ?
hubbs-tait et al
children who are socialised inadequately
underachieve, often w/c
language theory
where parents use parents use language to challenge their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities improves cognitive performances.
Educated parents are more likely to use this language this way, feinstein found that educated parents are more likely to use praise
w/c homes are less likely to use language
language codes - who’s theory
Bernstein
restricted code
it has limited vocabulary and is based on grammatically simple, often unfinished sentences. Speech is predictable and may involve only a single word or gesture. Descriptive not analytic - context bound
elaborate code
wider vocabulary and is based on longer, more grammatically correct sentences. Speech is more varied and communicates more abstract ideas, context free
how do language codes give m/c children an advantage
textbooks and exams use elaborate code. Early socialisation into the elaborate code means that m/c students are already fluent users of the code when they start school, they will feel more at home and achieve higher thus w/c will feel excluded
who does Bernstein blame
the school
parents education- who’s theory ?
douglas/feinstein
douglas parental education
working class parents placed less value on education, as a result they were less ambitious for their children, gave them less encouragement and took less interest in their education - they visited schools less often and were less likely to discuss progress with teacher. As a result their children had lower levels of motivation and achievement.
feinstein parental education
parents own education is the most important factor as since m/c parents tend to be more educated, they can give their children advantages by how they socialise them
parenting styles
Educated parents → emphasises constant discipline and high expectations of their children, and this supports achievement by encouraging active learning and exploration.
Less educated → harsh, inconsistent discipline that emphasises doing as you are told and behaving. This prevents the child learning independence and self control, leading to poorer motivation at school and problems interacting with the teacher
parental education behaviour
educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist their children’s education progress.
eg. Reading to children
and are more active
bernstien and young (1967) - use of income
Bernstein and young (1967), m/c mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and educational activities
w/c homes are more likely to lack these resources and start school with less intellectual skills
feinstein- income and education
Better paid m/c parents tend to be better educated, feinstein notes that parental education has an influence on children’s achievement in its own right, regardless of class or income. Thus even within a given social class, better educated parents tend to have children that are more successful at school. This may explain why not all children of working class parents do equally badly, and why not all children from middle class families are equally successful
working class subculture
Large sections of the working class have different goals, beliefs, attitudes and values from the rest of society and thai is why their children fail at school.
barry sugarman (1970)
argues that w/c subculture has four key features that acts as a barrier to achievement:
fatalism / collectivism / immediate gratification / present time orientation