Introduction

Question 1

adolescent meaning

Answer 1

growing up -> „to grow into maturity“; period of exploration, culturally determined (beginning of puberty to adulthood)

Question 2

adolescence in ancient times (4-5th century)

Answer 2

Plato and Aristotle: tile of cognitive development/capacity of reason emerges -> feeling new emotions

-> time of real education (before that emotions cloud judgment)

Question 3

1500s life cycle service

Answer 3

learning by apprentice (working youth)

Question 4

Industrial revolution

Answer 4

mass production, work force needed (going away from agriculture) -> movement into cities and high demand for child labor (cheap working forces), no labor laws to prevent this

Question 5

post industrialization (early 1900s)

Answer 5

Progressive reforms; awareness that children need education and should not work, legislations against child labor & compulsory education (primary and secondary school), trained to become hard working adults (age of adolescence)

Question 6

G. Stanley Hall (1904) [pioneer of adolescence study]

Answer 6

storm and stress period; genetically caused, a rage of hormones (idea based on Lamarckians ideas of evolution)

critics; most adolescents go through this age without many behavioral problems

Question 7

Birth of Adolescence culture

Answer 7

mass migration to larger cities -> more mobility -> adventure seeking -> seeing new things -> mass media (new music, movies, books, …), new ways to connect -> youth culture viewed as dangerous

Question 8

PSA

Answer 8

public speaking anxiety (ex. videos/ads shown to adolescent to prevent them from drug abuse)

Question 9

Adolescence today - definition

Answer 9

transition between childhood and adulthood

-> biologically: beginning of puberty until full ability of reproduction
-> „psychologically“: becoming independent, make own decisions, …

Question 10

adolescence in industrialized nations

Answer 10

adolescence is marked by rituals; celebrate the achievement of becoming an adult

in non-western views; the rite of passage (different rituals/ceremonies/challenges across different countries)

Question 11

emerging adulthood - age range

Answer 11

18-29 years (Jeff Jensen Arnett)
-> a Western conception (period only ascribed by western cultures)

Question 12

5 pillars of emerging adulthood (distinctive features)

Answer 12

1. identity exploration
2. instability
3. self- focus and -preoccupation
4. feeling in-between
5. possibilities/optimism
   -> in developed countries

Question 13

major debate in EA literatur

Answer 13

Generation Me (Jean Twenge) vs Generation We (Jeffery Jensen Arnett)

-> a contrary view

Question 14

methods/design - research in adolescence development

Answer 14

• questionnaires
• interviews
  -> attention; adolescents are prone to lie

Question 15

Observational research

Answer 15

• naturalistic observation; field research
• participant observation; structured or unstructured

Question 16

descriptive research

Answer 16

participants report over time (ex. feelings over the day)

physiological methods; looking inside the brain, evaluating active brain areas for specific tasks -> shows how body is effected by our psychology

can be done in a multi-method approach

Question 17

correlations vs experimental

Answer 17

• experimental; random assignment, control and experimental group, independent variable presented, dependent variable measured
• correlational; no manipulation of IV, no random assignment, direction and strength matter (-1 to 1), cannot say “causes”!, cant rule out alternative explanations

Question 18

cross-cultural research

Answer 18

research often biased, mainly done in WEIRD cultures
-> introduced to evaluate differences across cultures

Question 19

time span research design

Answer 19

• cross-sectional methods -> different age groups compared at specific time
• longitudinal design -> compare individuals over period of time

-> able to merge both kinds; sequential design (time span research designs); longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons at the same time

Question 20

term when science is wrongly used - findings are not actual

Answer 20

pseudoscience