Introduction Flashcards
adolescent meaning
growing up -> „to grow into maturity“; period of exploration, culturally determined (beginning of puberty to adulthood)
adolescence in ancient times (4-5th century)
Plato and Aristotle: tile of cognitive development/capacity of reason emerges -> feeling new emotions
-> time of real education (before that emotions cloud judgment)
1500s life cycle service
learning by apprentice (working youth)
Industrial revolution
mass production, work force needed (going away from agriculture) -> movement into cities and high demand for child labor (cheap working forces), no labor laws to prevent this
post industrialization (early 1900s)
Progressive reforms; awareness that children need education and should not work, legislations against child labor & compulsory education (primary and secondary school), trained to become hard working adults (age of adolescence)
G. Stanley Hall (1904) [pioneer of adolescence study]
storm and stress period; genetically caused, a rage of hormones (idea based on Lamarckians ideas of evolution)
critics; most adolescents go through this age without many behavioral problems
Birth of Adolescence culture
mass migration to larger cities -> more mobility -> adventure seeking -> seeing new things -> mass media (new music, movies, books, …), new ways to connect -> youth culture viewed as dangerous
PSA
public speaking anxiety (ex. videos/ads shown to adolescent to prevent them from drug abuse)
Adolescence today - definition
transition between childhood and adulthood
-> biologically: beginning of puberty until full ability of reproduction
-> „psychologically“: becoming independent, make own decisions, …
adolescence in industrialized nations
adolescence is marked by rituals; celebrate the achievement of becoming an adult
in non-western views; the rite of passage (different rituals/ceremonies/challenges across different countries)
emerging adulthood - age range
18-29 years (Jeff Jensen Arnett)
-> a Western conception (period only ascribed by western cultures)
5 pillars of emerging adulthood (distinctive features)
- identity exploration
- instability
- self- focus and -preoccupation
- feeling in-between
- possibilities/optimism
-> in developed countries
major debate in EA literatur
Generation Me (Jean Twenge) vs Generation We (Jeffery Jensen Arnett)
-> a contrary view
methods/design - research in adolescence development
- questionnaires
- interviews
-> attention; adolescents are prone to lie
Observational research
- naturalistic observation; field research
- participant observation; structured or unstructured
descriptive research
participants report over time (ex. feelings over the day)
physiological methods; looking inside the brain, evaluating active brain areas for specific tasks -> shows how body is effected by our psychology
can be done in a multi-method approach
correlations vs experimental
- experimental; random assignment, control and experimental group, independent variable presented, dependent variable measured
- correlational; no manipulation of IV, no random assignment, direction and strength matter (-1 to 1), cannot say “causes”!, cant rule out alternative explanations
cross-cultural research
research often biased, mainly done in WEIRD cultures
-> introduced to evaluate differences across cultures
time span research design
- cross-sectional methods -> different age groups compared at specific time
- longitudinal design -> compare individuals over period of time
-> able to merge both kinds; sequential design (time span research designs); longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons at the same time
term when science is wrongly used - findings are not actual
pseudoscience
