Gender Development Flashcards
sex
biological dimension (male, female, both (= intersex)
gender
sociocultural and psychological dimension (male, female, two-spirited, fluid)
gender roles
expectations prescribing how females and males should think, act and feel
gender identity
personal sense of one’s own gender
gender expression
how we show us to the world
traditional cultures - girls
-> long established believes, in less developed countries mostly
girls working alongside their mother, maintain close relationship, world for them shrinks down during adolescence, freedom decreases, can’t go out without someone watching them, virginity until marriage, less educational/work opportunities -> narrow socialization at adulthood
traditional cultures - boys
less contact with family, more contact with peers, world expands for them, spending most of time not at home, go to school/work, encouraged to discover their sexuality, courtships/relationships -> more socialization
(should achieve manhood)
3 capacities of manhood
- provide -> economically useful skills (show due trait, hunt, working)
- protect -> ability to protect family, kinship group, … (shown due weapon use, …)
- procreate -> sexual experience (needed for marriage)
Gender & Globalization
girls have still fever opportunities; but an developing economy recruited more brain then muscle force, giving women the option to work (following the role model thinking) -> no formal prohibitions anymore
Girls 18th - 19th century
- just view jobs available for women
- virginity until marriage
- seen as fragile & innocent
- presentation of body highly regulated and thought in organizations
- no information about periods given (until 1940th)
Boys - 1) 17th - 18th, 2) 19th and 3) 20th century
1) communal manhood
2) independent/self-made man, masculine character, self-control (tough and strong)
3) passionate manhood -> showing feelings (limited to manly feelings)
Interestingly during adolescence gender roles get …
… intensified; due to pressure (like to follow schemes)
Differential Gender socialization
socializing girls and boys according to different expectations about the attitudes and behavior approbier we to each gender; often reflects how parents have been socialized; incorporated in culture; often happens subconsciously
-> this is changing nowadays
Gender Schema (theory)
defines behavior - giving a schema on how to behave
how does gender socialization cause problems
- gives women a wrong body image (negative)
- forces makes to hide emotions, often more aggressive, focus masculinity, alcohol & drugs, delinquent activities
cognitive-development theory of gender (Kohlberg)
- with 3 years we have a gender identity
- in adolescence we do self socialization; find consistency between norms and own behavior
gender schema theory
gender fundamental to how people organize information; getting clues for others (schemas form impression for what’s approbieret for girls and boys, get more flexible during adolescence)
Finding of Ben Sex role inventory
females -> expressive traits
makes -> instrumental traits
(measures gender role perceptions)
those are fixed traits denoting the genders
Androgyne (movement in 1960s)
- reconsidering traditional gender conceptions
-> promoting more fluid gender identity; combining feminine and masculine traits - more flexible, creative, better in saying no, more favorable self image
-> allows for created repertoire on what people are allowed to
transgender youth
people not identifying with their biological sex (attraction to same sec aids in realization of sexual orientation) -> higher risk for psychological problems due to lack of continuity in care (unsafe environment)
non-binary
not identifying as either male or female
genderqueer
playing with the idea of gender - politically (not cos gender)
Queer
strange, odd
cisgender
gender identity corresponds to biological sex
gender non-conforming
gender expression not conforming to traditional views
-> defying expectations in how man/women should look
LGBTQIA+
all sexual identities going way from the norm
gender stereotypes
actually there are more similarities than differences between genders -> stereotypes are the result of gender schemas and social roles (information we get as we socialize)
-> gender schemas shape how we notice, interpret and remember information
social roles theory
different gender socialization -> males and females develop different skills & attitudes -> leading to different behaviors
self fulfilling prophecy
believe that one is bad in something makes one bad in something (ex. math)
Aggression; girls and boys
girls: relational aggression -> aggressive to each other
boys: physical aggression
