Gender Development

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

biological dimension (male, female, both (= intersex)

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

sociocultural and psychological dimension (male, female, two-spirited, fluid)

Question 3

gender roles

Answer 3

expectations prescribing how females and males should think, act and feel

Question 4

gender identity

Answer 4

personal sense of one’s own gender

Question 5

gender expression

Answer 5

how we show us to the world

Question 6

traditional cultures - girls

Answer 6

-> long established believes, in less developed countries mostly
girls working alongside their mother, maintain close relationship, world for them shrinks down during adolescence, freedom decreases, can’t go out without someone watching them, virginity until marriage, less educational/work opportunities -> narrow socialization at adulthood

Question 7

traditional cultures - boys

Answer 7

less contact with family, more contact with peers, world expands for them, spending most of time not at home, go to school/work, encouraged to discover their sexuality, courtships/relationships -> more socialization
(should achieve manhood)

Question 8

3 capacities of manhood

Answer 8

1. provide -> economically useful skills (show due trait, hunt, working)
2. protect -> ability to protect family, kinship group, … (shown due weapon use, …)
3. procreate -> sexual experience (needed for marriage)

Question 9

Gender & Globalization

Answer 9

girls have still fever opportunities; but an developing economy recruited more brain then muscle force, giving women the option to work (following the role model thinking) -> no formal prohibitions anymore

Question 10

Girls 18th - 19th century

Answer 10

• just view jobs available for women
• virginity until marriage
• seen as fragile & innocent
• presentation of body highly regulated and thought in organizations
• no information about periods given (until 1940th)

Question 11

Boys - 1) 17th - 18th, 2) 19th and 3) 20th century

Answer 11

1) communal manhood
2) independent/self-made man, masculine character, self-control (tough and strong)
3) passionate manhood -> showing feelings (limited to manly feelings)

Question 12

Interestingly during adolescence gender roles get …

Answer 12

… intensified; due to pressure (like to follow schemes)

Question 13

Differential Gender socialization

Answer 13

socializing girls and boys according to different expectations about the attitudes and behavior approbier we to each gender; often reflects how parents have been socialized; incorporated in culture; often happens subconsciously
-> this is changing nowadays

Question 14

Gender Schema (theory)

Answer 14

defines behavior - giving a schema on how to behave

Question 15

how does gender socialization cause problems

Answer 15

• gives women a wrong body image (negative)
• forces makes to hide emotions, often more aggressive, focus masculinity, alcohol & drugs, delinquent activities

Question 16

cognitive-development theory of gender (Kohlberg)

Answer 16

• with 3 years we have a gender identity
• in adolescence we do self socialization; find consistency between norms and own behavior

Question 17

gender schema theory

Answer 17

gender fundamental to how people organize information; getting clues for others (schemas form impression for what’s approbieret for girls and boys, get more flexible during adolescence)

Question 18

Finding of Ben Sex role inventory

Answer 18

females -> expressive traits
makes -> instrumental traits
(measures gender role perceptions)
those are fixed traits denoting the genders

Question 19

Androgyne (movement in 1960s)

Answer 19

• reconsidering traditional gender conceptions
  -> promoting more fluid gender identity; combining feminine and masculine traits
• more flexible, creative, better in saying no, more favorable self image
  -> allows for created repertoire on what people are allowed to

Question 20

transgender youth

Answer 20

people not identifying with their biological sex (attraction to same sec aids in realization of sexual orientation) -> higher risk for psychological problems due to lack of continuity in care (unsafe environment)

Question 21

non-binary

Answer 21

not identifying as either male or female

Question 22

genderqueer

Answer 22

playing with the idea of gender - politically (not cos gender)

Question 23

Queer

Answer 23

strange, odd

Question 24

cisgender

Answer 24

gender identity corresponds to biological sex

Question 25

gender non-conforming

Answer 25

gender expression not conforming to traditional views
-> defying expectations in how man/women should look

Question 26

LGBTQIA+

Answer 26

all sexual identities going way from the norm

Question 27

gender stereotypes

Answer 27

actually there are more similarities than differences between genders -> stereotypes are the result of gender schemas and social roles (information we get as we socialize)
-> gender schemas shape how we notice, interpret and remember information

Question 28

social roles theory

Answer 28

different gender socialization -> males and females develop different skills & attitudes -> leading to different behaviors

Question 29

self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 29

believe that one is bad in something makes one bad in something (ex. math)

Question 30

Aggression; girls and boys

Answer 30

girls: relational aggression -> aggressive to each other
boys: physical aggression