Introdction To Basic Tissue Types Muscle And Nervous Flashcards Preview

1
Q

Muscle tissue
functions
includes

A
  • generating movement of animal body and its parts

- musculoskeletal system, visceral organs, heart

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2
Q

muscle cells

made from

A
  • myocytes

- large amounts of contractile proteins actin and myosin

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3
Q

Myofibril

made from

A

Structural and functional subunits of muscle cells-

- actin and myosin myofilaments

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4
Q

types of muscle

differences

A
  • smooth and striated
  • size and shape of cell, number, and location of nuclei
  • both surrounded by external lamina (basement membrane of epithelial tissue)
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5
Q

Striated muscle cells

A
  • cross striations at light microscopic level by myofilaments
  • parallel arrays
  • Skeletal and cardiac based on function and location
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6
Q

Smooth muscle

A

not organized in parallel arrays

-does not have striated appearance

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7
Q

Comparison of three muscle types

A
  • Skeletal -Cylindrical Multiple, flat, peripheral

- Cardiac -Branched. Single, block like, central -Smooth- Fusiform. Single, spindle-or corkscrew-shaped, central

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8
Q

Organization skeletal muscle
characteristics
looks like
types

A

held together by connective tissue,

  • multinuclearted from individual myoblasts during development
  • polygonal shape, long axes are in the direction in which the contract
  • Endomysium, perimysium, epimysim
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9
Q

Endomysium

A

Thin delicate layer of reticular fibers that immediately surrounds individual muscle fibers

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10
Q

Perimysium

A

Thicker layer that surrounds group of fibers forming bundle (fascicle)

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11
Q

Epimysium

A

Forms dense sheath surrounding collection of fascicles which forms a muscle

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12
Q

Organization of Cardiac muscle

characterization

A
  • myocardium.
  • striated bc myofilaments organized like skeletal muscle
  • fibers are not multinucleated like skeletal muscle
  • multiple cells end to end
  • cells attach to each other via intercalated discs
  • can form branched fiber by joining of two or more cells
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13
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • sheets or bundles of elongated fusiform cells - tapered ends
  • cytoplasm will stain envelope with eosin
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14
Q

Sensory component of nervous system

A

Collects info from external environment and from within body

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15
Q

Motor component of nervous tissue

A

Controls activity of muscles, organs, and even individual cells

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16
Q

division of nervous system

A

CNS- brain and spinal chord PNS- nerves that conduct impulses to and from brain and spinal chord

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17
Q

Cell types of nervous tissue

A

Neurons and neuroglia ( supporting cells) Neuron- functional unit of nervous system, receive stimuli from other cells and conduct electrical impulses accordingly
Neuroglia- non conducting cells,
- near neurons,
functions: physical support, electrical insulation, facilitation of repair, regulation internal fluid environment in CNS, clearance neurotransmitters metabolic exchange between vascular system and neurons

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18
Q

Axon

myelinated vs non

A

Transmits impulses away from cell body to synapse which makes contact with another neuron or an effector cell (muscle cell or glandular epithelial cell); in PNS all neurons are enveloped in Schwann cells providing structural and metabolic support.
-Non-myelinated axons enveloped by cytoplasm of Schwann cells. Myelinated axons are wrapped in myelin sheath consisting of variable number of concentric layer of Schwann cell plasma membrane.
- In CNS axon myelinated by oligodendrocytes
When viewed via light microscopy axons appear wavy bc need extra length to withstand stretching forces

19
Q

Dendrites

A

Transmit impulses toward the cell body; receptors that recieve impulses from other neurons or from external environment, Nissl bodies, free ribosomes, and occasionally Golgi apparatus will extend into dendrites (NEVER axon)

20
Q

Cell body of neuron

A

Contains nucleus and organelles, nucleus is large and euchromatin with prominent nucleus (bc cell makes a lot of protein), abundant free ribosomes and rough ER, mitochondria (numerous), large Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, transport vesicles, cytoskeletal elements

21
Q

Nissl bodies

A

lots of ribosomes shows basophillic bodies - Nissl bodies,

- Nissl body = stack of rER

22
Q

Axon hillock

A

Junction of axon with cell body

- no large organelles

23
Q

Ganglia

made of

A

Groups of nerve cells outside of CNS. Ganglion consists of cell bodies of either sensory or motor neurons NEVER both

24
Q

Nerves

A

Groups of axonal processes (aka nerve fibers) travel together in anatomical structure known as nerve; Nerves can be sensory motor or mixed

25
Q

Peripheral nerves

types

A
  • Held together by connective tissue similar to skeletal muscle
  • Endoneurium- loose connective tissue surrounds each individual fiber
  • Perineurium- surrounds fascicles (bundles of fibers)
  • Epineurium- dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve and fills in spaces between nerve fascicles
26
Q

Questions for identifying tissues

A
  1. Are the cells on a surface 2. Are the cells in contact with their neighbors or are the separated from each other by an intervening substance 3. Do the cells belong to a group with specialized functional (and structural) properties such as nerve of muscle
27
Q

Autonomic ganglia

characteristics and types

A

Clusters of neurons located along autonomic pathways

  • contain autonomic motor neurons
  • Sympathetic trunk ganglia, ganglia in head, abdomen, and pelvic cavity, and Terminal Ganglia
28
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

characteristics

A

vertebral bodies along sympathetic trunk

  • connected to spinal nerves by communicating branches
  • segmental
    exception: Cranial Cervical Ganglion- multiple fused cervical ganglia at caudal skull base Middle cervical ganglion- multiple fused cervical ganglia at thoracic inlet Cervicothoracic ganglion- caudal cervical ganglia fused with first 2-3 thoracic ganglia
29
Q

Ganglia located in head abdomen and pelvic cavity

A

Ciliary ganglia of head (parasympathetic), celiacemosenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia of abdomen (sympathetic), pelvic ganglia (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

30
Q

Terminal ganglia

A

Microscopic clusters of neurons located within target tissue,

  • vagus and pelvic nerves
  • parasympathetic function
31
Q

Vertebral nerve
location
innervates

A

goes cranially from cervicothoracic ganglion to supply sympathetic autonomic innervation of skin and muscles of the neck

  • travels with vertebral artery into transverse foramina of cervical vertebrea
  • Communicating branches from vertebral nerve join each cervical spinal nerve to provide sympathetic innervation to muscles and skin supplied by that spinal nerve, NO SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA IN VERTEBRAL NERVE bc axons making up vertebral nerve have cell bodies (from sympathetic neurons) in cervicothoracic ganglion
32
Q

Sensory pathways

A

Carrying information from tissues to the CNS, somatic and visceral afferent pathways

33
Q

Motor pathways

A

Carrying commands from the CNS to muscles and glands, somatic and visceral efferent pathways ** Visceral efferent subdivides into sympathetic and parasympathetic

34
Q

Visceral efferent

A

Motor pathway (ANS), smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, split into parasympathetic (vegetative functions) and sympathetic (fight of flight)

35
Q

Somatic afferent

A

Sensory, skin, bones, joints, skeletal muscles

36
Q

Visceral afferent

A

Internal organs, sensory

37
Q

Somatic efferent

A

Motor skeletal muscles

38
Q

Visceral efferent

A

Motor pathway, ANS, sympathetic (fight for flight), parasympathetic (vegetative functions)

39
Q

Visceral and somatic information with in CNS

A
  • integrated
  • ie stepping on a tack produces sympathetic (Visceral efferent) response of increased heart rate and somatic efferent response of pulling foot away
40
Q

Somatic efferent pathways

A
  • one neuron from CNS to target muscle,
  • lower motor neurons or somatic efferent neurons
  • skeletal muscle are voluntary so voluntary muscle (though not all under voluntary control)
41
Q

Location of cell bodies of LMN that control skeletal muscles of body
route of LMN

A
  • Ventral horn of spinal cord
  • axons exit spinal cord via ventral root then spinal nerve
  • dorsal branch for epaxial muscle and ventral branch for hypaxial muscles
  • Synaptic terminal of LMNs forms synapse on muscle fibers called neuromuscular junction where neurotransmitters are released from axon terminal leading to muscle fiber contraction
42
Q

Location of cell bodies that control skeletal muscles of head

A

Brainstem axons exit brainstem and travel in cranial nerves

43
Q

Phrenic nerve motor pathway

A

Phrenic nerve is somatic so LMN cell bodies are in ventral horn of spinal chord, segments C5C6C7 (keep you from going to heaven), axons exit each segment via ventral root and enter spinal nerve then ventral branches, leave ventral branches to merge and form phrenic nerve (bilaterally), axons of phrenic nerve terminate in neuromuscular junctions of muscle fibers of diaphragm