Intro Unit Flashcards
Identify 3 etiquette rules that either a man or woman must follow in Victorian Canada
- Ladies must graciously accept the assistance of a gentleman
- A lady under 30 must always have a chaperone when with a man
- Men must stand to acknowledge the presence of a lady
What are 2 etiquette rules still applicable today?
- A hostess must allow nothing to upset her calm.
2. Ladies are expected to listen and show interest when someone is telling a story
What are 2 Victorian rules that are outdated?
- Skirts must not lift up above the ankles
2. Ladies are fragile and must be assisted wherever possible
Describe Victorian etiquette.
Formal, polite, chaste.
Contrast Victorian/1920s etiquette
Impolite to smoke in front of ladies/ many women smoke
Dress must cover ankle/ many dresses knee length, much more practical
Corsets worn, small waist ideal beauty/ youth is ideal beauty
Young man and woman cannot be seen alone together/ associate freely, but chastity is still valued
Dances formal, requiring a dance card/ Night clubs and creative dancing popular.
What is the biggest change of the 1920s?
social interactions, especially between men and women.
Describe dances in the Victorian era.
The highlight of the Victorian era. Extremely formal, dances were the best opportunity to meet new people. A “master of the dance” acted similar to today’s DJs.
List dances in the Victorian era.
Waltz, quadril, Foxtrot, polka
Waltz
Most intimate dance. Required being in tune with one another. Graceful, formal, stiff, less personal, made you feel grown up
Quadrils
Long, involved dances with everyone in sync. 20ish steps. Required training to avoid an embarrassing misstep.
Foxtrot
1920s made it fun and popular
Polka
Fun, faster, but similar to a quadril. Required a “master of the dance” to call out moves.
What is Upper class:
Top 2%
What is Middle class/
Professional class:
$350 000/year
What is Working class:
$27 000/year. Works for other people
What was the woman’s role Victorian Canada?
Most women didn’t work. Their responsibilities were to care for the household, children, and please their husband.
Women were married out as early as possible (16) by their parents, preferably to a wealthy, established man (30)
To have a child before marriage was a disgrace. Women were sent away to have it and the child was usually put up for adoption. The child was considered a bastard and the mother was not to show favour to it. The woman became unmarriageable.
How many women worked (Victorian)
Only 10% of women worked, the poorest of the poor.
What were acceptable jobs for a woman?
Music teacher (until married) Housekeeper Telephone operator Dressmaker Nurse Stenographer (secretary)
What were unacceptable jobs for a woman?
Blacksmith
Barmaid
Lawyer (not thought competent)
What was Canada’s identity at the turn of the century?
Canada was proud to be part of the British Empire.
THEY LACKED THEIR OWN IDENTITY.
Describe the British Empire’s influence.
The British Empire covered 25% of the world. “The Sun never sets on the British Empire”
Britain was our #1 trading partner. 85% of the economy was owned by the British. All products, such as the Empire Assorted Biscuits, were British in order to be recognizable to British immigrants.
1947
Canada establishes a Canadian Citizenship, finally giving it a sense of identity.
1965
We get the Canadian Flag. Prior our flag was the Union Jack. There was a huge controversy over whether we should have our own flag or not.
What do the colours on the Union Jack represent?
Red says: Be Brave
White says: Be Pure
Blue says: Be True
1982
We get “O Canada”.
What was our anthem before O Canada?
“God Save the King/Queen”
- Purpose to present her victorious in warfare - Nothing about Canadian identity, all about British pride
May 24th
May 24th was “Empire Day” (now “Victoria Day”) celebrating British Heritage. Most of us connect it only with a day off.
Canada’s current population
34 Million
How many Canadians are born in Canada?
AT ANY POINT IN CANADA’S HISTORY, 20% OF CANADIANS WERE NOT BORN IN CANADA
What is Canada’s natural increase?
Almost none
How many people immigrate to Canada each year?
About 250 000 people immigrate to Canada annually. Without them, we would have no growth
Why immigrate to Canada?
- Existing farms needed workers
- Canada was giving free land out west
- Plots already established, the RCMP in place before any claims were made.
1898…Who was invited to Canada?
Need for boys age 14-19 to help on farms. Canada advertised to this group, promising education. However, in reality it was more like slavery. After 19 the boys got their own farms.
What was the reality of Canadian farms, resulting in what?
Unfortunately, Canadian winters out west are very cold and dry. Conditions were difficult to live in and unlike anything the British were used to. Many left their farms.
In addition, the US was threatening to take Canada’s farm land.
To fill the plots, Canada advertised to people in Russia, Hungary, and the Ukraine because farming conditions in Canada were very similar to their own. This was the first time they were allowed to immigrate.
There was what need for women?
Women were needed as domestic servants. 100 women from India were allowed on the condition that they would do this work.
Were families encouraged to immigrate?
Families were encouraged to come to Canada. Children often traveled for free.
What happened to orphans?
Irish orphans became free labourers on farms. Ex, Bernardo children
How did Canada view Asians around 1900?
Asians were considered an inferior race. To stop them immigrating, Canada set up a head tax for them. It began at $25, almost a year’s wage. Before 1920 it was $500
What was arriving at Canada like?
- # 1 goal to get to your farm
- Required everyone working 4-6 years to save up money to get to the farm.
What were Canada’s immigration figures 1900-1913?
1900 40 000+
1907 270 000+
1908 140 000+
1913 400 000+
What can you infer from Canada’s immigration stats 1900-1913?
1908 -Drop in immigration due to economic downturn.
- There were only two ports, Montreal and Halifax, so they were very crowed - lack of food, shelter, and jobs - wages went down due to demand - Many spoke neither French nor English - Montreal/ Halifax grew significantly
What was the breakdown of races 1871 and 1901, and what did this mean?
1871 84% British 1871 10+% American
1901 40% British 1901 31+% American
Many Americans moved out west who were not pro-British, creating a distinction between Western Canada and Eastern Canada.
Who said what in 1946?
William Mackenzie King (Prime Minister)
“Canadians have the right to determine the colour of immigrants”
What was immigration like until 1949?
Up until now, immigrants have been white, Christian, although not totally pro-British
How Did WWII Change Canada’s Immigration Policy?
Holocaust: other countries were embarrassed, as many viewed other races, like Asians, as inferior.
Canada opened its doors to D.P.s from war torn Europe
1945- 1960 2 million DPs
Italians made of 70% of this group. They settled in groups together, forming Little Italies. There were so many non-British immigrants that the character of Canada. Canadians embraced Italian food.
The Civil Rights movement resulted in what? When was it?
1950-1970
1960 BILL OF RIGHTS
-Prime Minister John Diefenbaker
What did Trudeau (1967-1980) launch? What did he find?
- Launched Royal Commission to investigate French treatment
- French Canadians were on the verge of a “quiet revolution” to take back Quebec, since English Canadians made twice as much
- Found Italians and other minority groups were also being mistreated
- Decided that Canada should be multicultural, embracing other cultures
- French Canadians were on the verge of a “quiet revolution” to take back Quebec, since English Canadians made twice as much
What did Trudeau introduce in 1967?
-Because of the Bill of Rights, Canada could no longer discriminate against immigrants, so Trudeau created a system based on Canada’s needs
Refugee Status -75 000 spots reserved for refugees, who would never make the points system.
What happened to immigration 1968-1994?
Wider variety of races allowed. Immigration from Great Britain drops, while the dominant sources for immigration became predominantly Asian.
Hong Kong becomes the top source. It was a wealthy nation leased by the British Empire for 100 years, until 1999. Everyone wanted to leave to avoid communist rule.
What is Canada’s multiculturalism like today?
Racial acceptance increased dramatically. Today, Canada is one of the most multicultural places in the world. By 2012, a pie chart of our races will match a pie chart of the globe.
What are statistics?
Numerical data
What are the steps in statistical analysis?
- Describe the overall trend in the statistics from raw data or graphs
- Identify key examples statistics (3-4)
- Make inferences based upon the facts
- Make an overall conclusion based upon 1-3
What happened the countries of immigrants 1960 and 1990?
1960- Europe: 69% Asia: 12%
1990- Europe: 19% Asia: 57%
What is a primary document?
From the time period
What are the steps in analysis of a primary document?
- Identify the document. Consider bias, establish era/purpose
- Get facts from the document
- Get inferences from the document
- Make a generalization based on your analysis (not a summary)
List some examples of child labour in the Victorian era
Seafood workers, factory workers, odd jobs, agricultural workers, little salesmen, miners, newsies, mill workers
Give facts, inferences,and gen. about seafood workers
Facta -cuts on legs -dirty -ground wet, dirty -lack of adult males Inf. -Dangerous environment -6-15 Hard working -seasonal -men off fishing Environment will affect health and future jobs. Many will have no choice but to enter fishing industry.q
Analyze factory workers
Fact -dirty, worn clothing -no mix of boys and girls -dark factories -open machinery Inf. -8-16 -tired, overworked -sex segregated -hazardous environment Forced to grow up too fast, losing childhood. Will grow into the job.
Analyze odd jobs.
Fact -clothing in good condition -delivering telegraphs -shining shoes -shoveling coal -resetting pins Inf. -10-13 -extra money in spare time Similar to part time jobs kids have today
Analyze agricultural workers
Facts -dirty, worn clothes -working outside Inf. -8-14 -only seasonal Similar to farming families today. Did not take away childhood
Analyze little salesmen
Facts -no supervision -well dressed -worked only in day or evening In. -9-12 -good skills -only temporary Develop good skills, leading to a good job in the future.
Analyze miners
-faces dirty
-hats have open flame
Inf.
-dangerous conditions
-hard to breathe
-well paid
By forcing children to work these conditions, their health and future was sacrificed.
Analyze newsies
FActs -all boys -not dirty -selling newspapers -alone -early morning or afternoon Inf. -not physical -6-15 -learn good skills Simple job, taught skills for future
Analyze mill workers
Facts -skinny -worn clothing -dirty workplace -lots of windows -no girls with boys Inf. -long hours -7-13 -no heavy lifting -all seasons Quality of life limited, unjust. Similar work done in developing countries.
Give examples of ethnic diversity in new immigrants and describe the racism against them.
British Home Children (destitute) Hired hands for menial work, no future
Doukhobors from Russia refused politics and lived in communal groups. 1906- forced to get citizenship and have single land ownership
Ukrainians farmers proud of culture. British didn’t agree, forbade language taught in school.
Black settlers immigrated to avoid persecution in 1907. Wanted Canada to remain white, discouraged from immigrating. Denied on false grounds.
List major problems faced by the poor
- crowded living conditions
- unsanitary
- poverty
- more difficult than they prepared for
- children had to work
- low quality jobs
- malnutrition and illness
- high death rates
- few educational opportunities
Give 3 examples of social reform.
Immigrants faced low wage jobs and were frequently laid off. Formed mutual aid societies. Supported each other if they fell on hard times.
Children uneducated, had to work. Government made elementary education mandatory and forbade child labour
Factory and mine workers faced unsafe conditions for little pay. Formed unions to improve their lot.
List government initiated reform.
- Laws for poor working conditions, Factory Act of Ontario 1884
- Ministry of Labour 1900
- 1904 Labour Day
- Boards of Health
- 1912: Social Services Council of Canada
- Immunization programs
List independent initiated reform
- Mutual aid societies
- Unions
- Organization teaching women rights, sanitation
- Churches and charities aided the poor
- Homes for foster children
- Clubs to preserve culture
- Immigrants requested consulates to represent them in government.
