After WWI Flashcards
What was Sir Arthur Currie’s view on the Ross Rifle?
-after ypres presides over board of inquiry on Ross Rifle, infuriating Hughes
What happened to the Canadian Corps in March 1918?
During a 36 hour absence of Currie they were split up along the line. Currie insisted they be returned to his command
How did Currie treat his troops?
Encouraged them and recognized their achievements.
What is a salient?
A bubble in the line (Verdun)
Why did the forts at Verdun hold?
Built in 1300s with a tensile roof (rounded, allowed roof to flex)
What was the Maginot Line?
After the success of forts at Verdun in ww1 France built more along the whole Western Front
Identify 5 ways that Canada developed to pay for WW1
- Victory bonds. (Take out before maturation date, no interest. Only get money if win the war)
- Taxes as an “emergency measure” Income tax, business tax, tax on certain goods, etc
- Thrift stamps for children 25 cents each week. Worth $4. Later turned in for $5.
- Donations to the Canadian Red Cross for soldiers
- Propaganda to make people feel guilty
How did paying for the war involve all Canadians in the war effort?
- even children were encouraged to give
- everyone had to save and practice self denial
- people were proud, wore buttons for victory loans
- saw/attended advertising campaigns
- businesses and people taxed
- newspapers constantly published deaths
How did women contribute to the War effort?
- encouraged to force their husbands to go to war
- did meticulous work, made clothing
- clubs like the “Dorcas Club” Sewing, knitting
- 2000 enlisted as nurses
- 30 000 in munition factories
- 6000 in civil service (government jobs)
How would the role of women in WWI change their lives forever?
- Displays of luxury largely abandoned
- Young married girls became more independent
- Many realized they could be paid more in factories etc. rather than domestic service
- people who hired them realized they were often better than men
Besides money or donations, how did Canadians help contribute to ww1?
- reducing food consumption. Sugar, red meat
- Producing more food: Hiring boys on farms
- Recruiting children to work for the war effort: Boy Scouts
- introduced Daylight savings time to conserve electricity
How did people at home help the families of soldiers in ww1?
- Canadian Patriotic Fund
- Av. payment $18.71
What is Total War?
When an entire nation is mobilized for war
Survivors from ww1 required assistance. What did they get once they returned home?
- awarded pension in direct proportion to disability
- gave vocational training for cripples
- prosthetic limbs
- encouraged to employee amputees
Applesauce
Nonsense
All wet
Wrong, mistaken
Baloney
Nonsense
Banana Oil
nonsense
bee’s knees
wonderful person or thing
berries
the best
big cheese
a very important or prominent person, big shot
blind pig
illegal drinking spot
bump off
to murder
bunk
nonsense
carry a torch
in love
cat’s meow
superb, wonderful, very sharp
cheaters
eyeglasses
crush
falling in love
dogs
feet or shoes
drugstore cowboy
fashionably dressed young man who hangs around public places trying to pick up girls
dumb dora
stupid girl
flapper
typical girl of the 1920s
flat tire
person with a dull or boring personality
gate crasher
an uninvited guest or a police raid on a speakeasy
giggle water
alcohol
gin mill
illegal still
gyp
cheat
heebie jeebies
the jitters
hep
up to date, with it
hi Jack!
thief’s greeting to a rum runner
high hat
snobbish
hooch
bootleg liquor
hoofer
chorus girl
horse feathers
nonsense
keen
attractive
kiddo
friendly form of address
kisser
lips
lamps
eyes
a line
insincere flattery
ossified
drunk
raz-ma-taz
restless vigor, pizzazz
ritzy, swanky
elegant
real McCoy
genuine article
runaround
delaying action
scram
leave quickly or in a hurry
swell
marvelous
sheba
a young woman with sex appeal
sheik
a you man with sex appeal
smeller
nose
speakeasy
a bar selling illegal liquor
splifficated
drunk
struggle buggy
a car in which boys try to seduce or court girls
upchuck
throw up
whoopee
a wild time
What caused the entertainment industry of the 1920s to grow rapidly?
phonograph, radio, film,more disposable income
In the 1920s, what became popular as a result of larger cities?
Night clubs and dance halls
Where did Jazz originate?
Black communities in New Orleans and Harlem
What was the most popular music in the 1920s?
Jazz
Describe early Jazz music
- upbeat
- fun
- scatting (making up sounds with your mouth)
- rich
Who were famous musicians in the 1920s?
Louis Armstrong, Helen Kane, Cole Porter, Duke Ellington, Billie Halliday
What were popular dances of the 1920s?
Tango, Black Bottom, the Charleston
What was the fashion of Ancient Rome?
Veils, gowns to the floor, head things
What was the fashion of the middle ages?
Robish, flowing, to floor. Mostly covered
What was the fashion of the Renaissance?
Defined by Queen Elizabeth, shapely waist, corsets, shoulders covered, gowns to floor
What was the fashion of the Victorian Era?
Corsets, bussels
In general, what did the 1920s do to fashion?
The 1920s defied 2500 years of extreme fashion standards, starting a trend of less formal dress that continues to this day
What were flappers like?
- Inspired by Helen Kane
- dresses just past knees
- not layered dresses
- silk stockings
- comfortable
- simple
- makeup
- short hair
- sheer material
- fringes, sequins
- smoked
- drank hooch
- dated
- big furs
- garders
- bucket like hats
- parossels
- danced
- had fun
Who was Foster Hewitt in 1920s?
Radio Broadcasting Pioneer
-Hockey Night in Canada
What was the National Hockey League?
- NHL formed 1917
- in 1925 American teams joined
- most members Canadian
Who was Lionel Conacher?
Professional in
- hockey
- boxing
- football
- wrestling
What happened at the 1928 Summer Olympics?
Canada wins 15 medals, 4 gold
Who was Percy Williams in 1920s?
- Won Olympic gold 100m and 200m dash 1928
- set 100m world record 1930
Who was Ethel Cartherwood in 1920s?
-Olympic gold high jump 1928
Who were the Eddmonton Grads in 1920s?
- pro womens basketball team
- dominated 1915-1940
- Huge win ratio
- In 4 Olympics
Who was Fanny “Bobbie” Rosenfield in 1920s?
- female athlete in basketball, hockey, softball, tennis
- silver 100m dash 1928 Olympics
How did golfing increase from 1919 to 1925?
100 courses to >300 courses
Who was Ada Mackenzie 1920s?
-woman dominating golfing scene
Who was Charles “Sandy” Somerville in 1920s?
-first to win US amateur (golf)
Who was Charlie Chaplin in 1920s?
- most famous silent film actor
- iconic look
- comedic
- bizarre situations
- playful
- ruined by German accent
- Hitler copied his mustache
Who was Buster Keaton in 1920s?
- great comic innovator of silent era
- did his own crazy stunts
- didn’t edit
- physical comedian
Who was Roscoe Conkling “Fatty Arbuckle” in 1920s?
- mentor to Chaplin
- comedian
- career ruined by scandal even though cleared of charges
Who were Laurel and Hardy in 1920s?
- famous comedic team
- Stan Laurel: Thin and British
- Oliver Hardy: Fat and American
Who was Rudolph Valentino in 1920s?
- heart throb
- lots of suggested rape themes what?
Who was Jack Warner in 1920s?
- Canadian
- Started Warner Brothers
Who was Louis B. Mayer in 1920s?
- Canadian
- Started Metro Goldwin Mayer
Who was Mary Pickford in 1920s?
- Canadian
- most famous female of era
- “America’s Sweetheart”
- Co-founder of United Artists in 1919
Which province passed the first prohibition law?
PEI 1900-1948
Which province stayed dry for the shortest period of time?
Quebec: 2 years 1919-1921
By looking at the dates, why was prohibition put in place in Canada?
-Did not contribute to war effort. More important things to use grains for
How did dry provinces still manage to get alcohol?
Smuggling it in form wet provinces
List four places bootleggers hid liquor
- false bottoms in crates
- under an overcoat
- camouflaged as other drinks
- bags and backpacks
List four exception to the prohibition laws
- when sold for medicinal purposes
- When sold by someone with a license from the government
- When owned by private persons in a private home
- When kept to export to other provinces
Suggest why people making their homemade liquor got “rot gut”
- used bathtub, potato skins
- unsanitary!
- no way to test alcohol levels
What did the For Model T look like?
- no windows, open at sides and front
- windshield/headlights were additional items
- crank start, later electric start was additional
- two rows of seats
- boxy
Draw a boom cycle
See text
How was Ford able to mass produce automobiles for low cost?
- paid unskilled labourers to do small, repetitive tasks
- assembly line style
What was the principle of paying workers before Ford?
-Individualism: Bosses had an individual relationship with each worker and paid them according to their worth
Who was Rockerfeller and what did he start?
- self made millionare
- approached a few other employers
- agreed not to hire from other employers
- lowered wages every year from 1860-1910
- profit margins go up
- employees start seeing mansions going up
What happened to workers wages in ww1 and shortly afterwards?
- got worse
- soldiers came home making $1 a day
Who was Flavelle?
- owned slaughter house in WW1
- Friend of Sam Hughes, made exclusive contract
- charged 700% more for product
- bought farmers pigs for 50% less
What was the worst year for strikes?
1919
What was the Winnipeg General Strike?
- workers couldn’t afford to feed families
- wanted 8 hour work day for a living wage
- every single employee goes on strike: 35 000
- Committee of 100 (richest people) decide to keep running city
- other big bosses funnel money into Winnipeg
- hired scabs and thugs for $6 a day
- outlawed public gatherings
- arrested leaders of strike
- next day huge riot
- RCMP shoots people, some die
- government tells everyone to go back to work
- sympathy strikes to support
Who was J.S. Woodsworth regarding the Winnipeg General Strike
- one of the leaders, arrested
- elected to HC while in jail
- later started CCF (later MDP) party
- won rights in 1922
- wins right to have unions
- banned child labour
What problem does Ford have with workers and how does he fix it?
- shortage
- offers 5x the wages $5
How did Ford’s payment of his workers affect the economy?
- people could afford things
- cars, electric washing machines, radios, telephone
- sparked consumerism
- other businesses competed. Produced more, paid more
- Today much of Canada’s industry is still based on automobiles
What was the price of the model T in 1909, 1916, and 1924?
$850
$360
$290
-offered buying on installments
What other industries grew because of Ford?
-steel, rubber, oil, construction, housing, paint, glass
How did military technology affect consumer technology?
-electric motor in ww1 led to cars, other appliances
What happened to the stock market around 1930?
-lots of people buying on margin caused market to crash
How did the stock market crash affect businesses?
- tried to survive by cutting unnecessaries
- Ford shuts down 9/10 subsidiaries
How were young, unskilled labourers affected by the depression?
- workers risked their lives for a pay check, tolerating almost any conditions
- many people got sick with TB
- 100 000 men jump aboard trains looking for work
- arrested for vagrancy (being homeless)
- often pooled money to share a rented room for 5 cents
- relief camps started in 1931
What was vagrancy?
The crime of being homeless
What was “riding the rods”?
Hoping aboard the tops of trains, looking for work
What percent of people were unemployed during the depression?
25%
What were jungles during the depression?
Communities of homeless people around cities
-considered national scandal by 1939
What were relief camps during the depression?
- started in 1931 because it was cheaper than putting people in prisons
- 20 cents a day
- isolated up north
- built roads, planted trees, etc.
How many people got tuberculosis during the depression?
-100 000
What was the impact of the depression on the unemployed?
- relied on soup kitchens
- got sick
- became squatters
What were soup kitchens like during the depression?
- privately run by volunteers
- 2 meals a day
- dirty
- always the same food
- mostly single men went there
- long lines, few tables
What were squatters during the depression?
-homeless people made makeshift shelters on other people’s land
What was the dole during the depression?
- coupons given by the government for food
- only what scientifically calculated to be needed to stay alive
- had to buy from government stores
- only married men eligible
- only if you lived there for a year or more
How were families affected during the depression?
- more marriage
- children likely to die
- had to extend to other relatives
How did people try to get by during the depression?
- split steetcar tickets with a razor so there was double
- ate gopher, squirrel, etc
- did odd jobs, like cutting grass at the graveyard
- people who offered to work for less stole your job
- little kids went fishing
- rented out rooms
- ate bread and potatoes. Cheap, high calories
What were the causes of the depression?
- Over production and over expansion
- Canada’s dependance on a few primary industries
- Canada’s dependance of the US
- High tariffs choked off international trade
- Too much credit buying
What happened to wheat before and during the depression
- at first too much, no buyers
- Western Canada hit by a drought in 1929, 1931, 1933-1937
What happened to exports by 1936?
Went down by 30%
What industries grew despite the depression?
Nickle, meat
How many imports were from the US around the depression?
65%
How many exports were to the US around the depression?
40%
What is a “Branch Plant Economy”?
- parent companies in US sell products in Canada, create smaller plants called Branch plants
- when sales fall, first cuts are branch plants
When was the first major drop in the stock market, and what happened hours afterwards?
October 29 1929. Stocks dropped more than 50%
What was buying on margin?
Spend 10%, owe the rest
What were conditions like for Canadian POWs at German camps?
- men could make friends within the camps
- there was entertainment, such as concerts
- the men were happy
- allowed to have personal possessions
- able to learn new skills
- could sent/receive parcels
- not everyone spoke your language
- rations were small
Who was Clifford Sifton?
Minister of Interior, responsible for Canada’s open door immigration policy
What country mobilized the largest army in WW1?
Russia: 12 000 000
Which country had the highest casualties in WW1?
Russia: 9 150 000
What country spent the most money on WW1?
Germany: $37 775 000 000
How much money was spent by the British Empire in WW1?
$35 334 000 000
What was the casualty rate for soldiers in France?
76%
What was the total financial cost of WW1?
$186 333 000 000
What country was the most similar to Canada in WW1? Why?
Serbia
- similar mobilization
- similar wounded
- similar death counts
How many soldiers did Canada mobilize total in WW1?
619 500
How many Canadians died in WW1?
66 655
How many Canadian soldiers were wounded in WW1?
172 950
How much money did Canada spend on WW1?
$1 666 000 000
