Intro to Y11 (biomacromolecules, enzymes, digestive system, endocrine system) Flashcards
What is a monosaccharide?
The monomer of a carbohydrate
What is a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates are a polymer made up of many repeating monomers called monosaccharides
Give an example of a monosaccharide.
Glucose
What is a disaccharide?
Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides chemically bonded together.
Give an example of a disaccharide.
Maltose, lactose
What is a polysaccharide?
Polysaccharides are made up of long repeating chains of monosaccharides
Give an example of a polysaccharide.
Glycogen, starch
What is the function of a carbohydrate in the body?
Store of energy
What is a lipid?
a macromolecule consisting of fatty acid tails connected by a glycerol backbone.
What are lipids used for?
Making lipid based hormones
Energy
Insulation
Protecting vital organs
What are some functions of a protein?
Antibodies
Enzymes
Protein based hormones like insulin.
What is a protein?
Proteins are long, folded sequences of amino acids
What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino acid
What is activation energy?
Activation energy is the energy required to start a reaction
What is an enzyme?
A Biological protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
How do you describe the active site of an enzyme?
Specific and complimentary
What is a decomposition reaction?
When one substrate is broken into multiple products
What is a synthesis reaction?
When multiple substrates are combined to form one product
What are the substrate and product of protease?
Substrate- protein/polypeptide
Product- amino acids
What are the substrate and product of maltase?
Substrate- maltose
Product- glucose
What are the substrate and product of lipase?
Substrate- lipids / triglycerides
Product- fatty acids and glycerol
What are the substrate and product of amylase?
Substrate- starch
Product- maltose
Draw and label a 3 part enzyme diagram for lipase.
What word is given to the temperature or pH an enzyme works best at?
Optimum
What word is used to describe an enzyme that is at a temperature above its optimum?
Denatured
What word is used to describe an enzyme that is at a pH above or below its optimum?
Denatured
What will happen to an enzyme if it denatures?
Active site will change shape and no longer be specific and complimentary to the substrate. There will be less enzyme-substrate complexes, less products and a lower rate of reaction.
What is a tissue?
A group of cells performing a function
What is an organ?
A group of tissues performing a function
What is an organ system?
A group of organs performing a function
What is digestion?
The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules by chemical and physical means
What is chemical digestion?
Chemical digestion is done by enzymes
What digestion occurs in the mouth?
Physical digestion: teeth physically break food into smaller pieces
Chemical digestion: saliva contains amylase (enzyme) which chemically breaks down starch into maltose
What is the role of the oesophagus?
Connects the mouth to the stomach
Food moves by peristalsis
No digestion or absorption happens in the oesophagus
What is the role of the stomach?
Physical digestion: muscular bag that churns food
Chemical digestion: Makes pepsin (enzyme) that breaks down proteins
What is the role of the liver?
Make bile
What is the role of the gall bladder?
Store bile
What is the role of bile?
Bile physically breaks down lipids and neutralises stomach acid
What is the role of the pancreas?
Pancreas makes enzymes that break down lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.
What digestion occurs in the small intestine?
Chemical digestion: enzymes are released from the pancreas that break down proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
Physical digestion: bile emulsifies fat
Where does absorption occur?
Small Intestines- (absorbs products of digestion)
Large Intestines- colon (absorbs water)
What is the role of the large intestine?
Colon- absorbs water
Rectum and anus- store and excrete faeces
