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Y10 Biology 2025 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the 3 parts of cell theory.

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
All living things are made from one or more cells or from products of cells.

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2
Q

State 3 differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell

A

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus whereas eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome whereas eukaryotic cells have many linear chromosomes.
Prokaryotic cells have a plasmid where as eukaryotic cells have no plasmid.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles whereas eukaryotic cells do have membrane bound organelles.

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3
Q

Draw a prokaryotic cell.

A

Plasma membrane, mesosome, cell wall, plasmid, single circular chromosome, 70s ribosomes, cytosol

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4
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Controls cellular functions by coding for proteins

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5
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Regulates the inputs and outputs of the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytosol?

A

Fluid part of the cell where some chemical reactions occur

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA which controls cellular functions by coding for proteins

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8
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic cellular respiration

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9
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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10
Q

Explain why some cells have lots of mitochondria

A

Because the mitochondria provide energy for a cell via aerobic cellular respiration, then if a cell has high energy requirements they will therefore need lots of mitochondria.

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11
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Site of polypeptide synthesis

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12
Q

Compare an E.coli bacteria with a rose cell.

A

n E.coli bacteria has no nucleus / membrane bound organellles whereas a rose cell does.
An E.coli bacteria has a single circular chromosome whereas a rose cell has mutliple linear chromosomes
An E.coli has plasmids / mesosome whereas a rose cell does not

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13
Q

Which cell is a eukaroytic cell? Justify your answer.

A

Cell Y
Cell Y has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles whereas Cell X (prokaryotic) does not

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14
Q

Draw a eukaryotic animal cell

A

Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
80s ribosomes
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus
Transport vesicle
Secretory vesicle
Lysosome
Mitochondria

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15
Q

What is the function of the lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes for the destruction of unwanted cellular material

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16
Q

Draw and label a plant cell

A

Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
80s ribosomes
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus
Transport vesicle
Secretory vesicle
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Permanent vacuole
Mitochondria

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17
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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18
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A
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19
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provide structure and support to the cell

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20
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Storage of cell sap

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21
Q

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

A

A prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another larger prokaryotic cell.

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22
Q

Which two organelles support the theory of endosymbiosis?

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

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23
Q

What are the three pieces of evidence that support the theory of endosymbiosis?

A

Double membrane, bacterial ribosomal RNA, own DNA genome

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24
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

The sequence of amino acids (primary structure of a protein)

25
Q

What are the monomers of a protein?

A

Amino acids

26
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Folds ___________ polypeptides into____ proteins and transports them into transport vesicles

27
Q

What is the function of a transport vesicle?

A

Transports ________ proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

28
Q

What is the function of a secretory vesicle?

A

Allow _______ protein to be secreted out of the cell by exocytosis.

29
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Final modification and packing of ________ proteins into secretory vesicles

30
Q

Describe the role of the mitochondria in the protein production pathway

A

Site of aerobic cellular respiration this means that it releases the energy required for protein synthesis and secretion

31
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Occular lens / eye piece (usually 10) x objective lens

32
Q

What are the rules for a biological drawing?

A

Pencil only
Plain white paper
½ page in size
Include a title and magnification
Label parts of the drawing
Keep it simple – draw only what you see
No shading
Use a ruler to rule lines (straight lines – no arrow heads)

33
Q

What happens to the field of view as magnification increases?

A

It decreases

34
Q

What happens to the field of view as magnification decreases?

A

It increases

35
Q

List the steps for making a wet mount slide.

A

Place a drop of water to mimic the natural conditions of a cell.
Place a thin piece of the sample of a microscope slide to allow light to go through it.
Place a drop of _____________ stain to see organelles or chromosomes.
Use a paper towel to draw this through so there is no excess.
Put a coverslip ontop of this.

36
Q

Why is a thin sample used when creating a wet mount slide?

A

So that light can pass through the sample

37
Q

Why is water used when creating a wet mount slide?

A

Prevent the sample from drying out and to mimic natural conditions of the cell

38
Q

Why is a stain used when creating a wet mount slide?

A

So that specific cellular structures can be seen (e.g., nucleus / chromosomes / cell wall)

39
Q

Which stain is used on animal cells?

A

Methylene blue

40
Q

Which stain is used on plant cells?

A

Iodine

41
Q

What is a somatic cell? Is it diploid or haploid.

A

A body cell. Diploid.

42
Q

What is a gamete? Is it diploid or haploid.

A

A sex cell (sperm or egg). Haploid.

43
Q

What is meant by diploid?

A

Contains homologous pairs of chromosomes

44
Q

What is meant by haploid?

A

Contains an unpaired set of chromosomes (1 of each homologous pair)

45
Q

List the stage of the cell cycle.

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2) , mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis

46
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Growth, repair, replacement

47
Q

What occurs during G1 and G2 of interphase?

A

Normal cell functions like aerobic cellular respiration / protein synthesis / photosynthesis, growth and preparation to divide (YOU MUST GIVE A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE)

48
Q

What occurs during S phase of interphase?

A

DNA replication

49
Q

Draw a chromosome before and after DNA replication.

A
50
Q

What is the role of spindle fibres during mitosis?

A

Pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase

51
Q

What is the role of the centrosomes?

A

Form spindle fibres

52
Q

State what occurs during prophase.

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible
Nuclear membrane disappears

53
Q

State what occurs during metaphase.

A

Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell
Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of chromosome

54
Q

State what occurs during anaphase.

A

Sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres

55
Q

State what occurs during telophase.

A

Two new nuclei form
2 new nuclear membranes form
Animal cells undergo cleavage where a cleavage furrow forms
Plant cells form a cell plate which will become a new cell wall

56
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytosol which results in the formation of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell.

57
Q

Compare mitosis to meiosis.

A

Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells whereas meiosis produces 4.
Mitosis produces somatic cells whereas meiosis produces gametes.
Mitosis produces diploid cells whereas meiosis produces haploid cells.
Mitosis produces genetically identical cells whereas meiosis produces genetically varied cells.
Mitosis occurs for growth, repair and replacement of cells whereas meiosis occurs to produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction

58
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction

Y10 Biology 2025 (5 decks)

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