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Y10 Biology 2025 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Draw a nucleotide and name the three components

A

Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar

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2
Q

Compare DNA and RNA

A

DNA has the nitrogenous base thymine whereas RNA has the nitrogenous base uracil.
DNA is double stranded whereas RNA is single stranded
DNA has the pentose sugar deoxyribose whereas RNA has the pentose sugar ribose

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3
Q

DNA and RNA are what type of polymer?

A

Nucleic acid

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4
Q

What is the function of helicase during DNA replication?

A

Helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix, separating the two parent strands of the DNA molecule from one another by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.

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5
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

DNA Polymerase copies the DNA template strands, by joining up free DNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing during DNA replication.

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6
Q

Outline the process of DNA replication.

A

Helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix, separating the two parent strands of the DNA molecule from one another by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.

Each strand then acts as a template for synthesizing a new strand of DNA.

DNA Polymerase copies the DNA template strands, by joining up free DNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing.

Two identical copies of DNA are produced.

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7
Q

What is meant by the sem-conservative theory of DNA replication?

A

A newly formed DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand

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8
Q

Where does DNA replication occur in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

What is the end product of transcription?

A

pre-mRNA

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11
Q

What is the definition of transcription?

A

DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase.
Pre mRNA undergoes RNA Processing. Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl-G-cap and 3’ poly-A tail are added to form mRNA.
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome.

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12
Q

What occurs during RNA processing?

A

Introns are removed. A 5’ methyl-G-cap and 3’ poly-A-tail are added.

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13
Q

What enzyme is used during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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14
Q

What is the product formed after RNA processing?

A

mRNA or mature mRNA

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15
Q

Why are the introns spliced out?

A

Because they don’t code for the protein

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16
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

carry the code (for the protein) from the nucleus to the ribosome

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17
Q

A set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA is called…

A

a codon

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18
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acid

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19
Q

Draw the structure of an amino acid

A

Amino group, residual group, carboxyl group

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20
Q

What is the difference between a polypeptide and protein?

A

A polypeptide is a sequence of amino acids that has not been folded whereas a protein is a polypeptide that has been folded

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21
Q

What is meant by the genetic code being degenerate?

A

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

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22
Q

If a polypeptide has 90 amino acids, what is the minimum number of bases needed to code for it?

A

270 bases

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23
Q

If an mRNA molecule has 90 bases, what is the number of amino acids it could code for?

A

30 amino acids

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24
Q

What is a stop codon?

A

a codon that does not code for an amino acid

25
Q

What is meant by DNA being universal?

A

It is the same in all living organisms

26
Q

If a DNA molecule contains 30% cytosine, what percentage would be thymine?

A

20%

27
Q

If a DNA has 100 base pairs and 60 are guanine, how many would be adenine?

A

40

28
Q

Define translation

A

Ribosomes read the mRNA code for ___________.
tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome.
tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons.
Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a ____________ polypeptide is formed.

29
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

Carries the code from the nucleus to the ribosome

30
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Bring the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome

31
Q

What is the function of rRNA

A

Structural component of a ribosome

32
Q

What holds a tRNA molecule in its clover shape?

A

hydrogen bonds

33
Q

What is the starting product of translation?

A

mRNA

34
Q

What is the ending product of translation?

A

Polypeptide

35
Q

Where is a polypeptide folded into a protein?

A

rough endoplamsic reticulum

36
Q

What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

A

This is an organisms whose genome has been altered.

37
Q

What is a transgenic organism (TGO)?

A

They are genetically modified organisms where genes from a different species (____) are added to their genome.

38
Q

What is the function of an endonuclease/restriction enzyme?

A

Cut DNA at a specific recognition site

39
Q

What is a DNA probe?

A

Probes are a single stranded piece of DNA that is complementary to the target sequence with a radioactive label.

40
Q

What is a sticky end?

A

When DNA is cut and unpaired nucleotides with exposed bases are created

41
Q

What are blunt ends?

A

When DNA is cut and there are no unpaired nucleotides with exposed bases

42
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase?

A

Join the DNA by the sugar-phosphate backbone

43
Q

During genetic engineering, why is the same endonuclease used to cut the plasmid and target gene?

A

So they have complimentary sticky ends

44
Q

What term is used to describe the target gene and plasmid combined?

A

recombinant DNA

45
Q

What enzyme is used to join the target gene and the plasmid during genetic engineering?

A

DNA ligase

46
Q

Why are bacteria used for genetic engineering?

A

Can make their own proteins
Rapidly reproduce by binary fission (Produce many copies of the gene and can also create the target protein)

47
Q

What two properties of DNA allow it to be separated by gel electrophoresis?

A

size and charge

48
Q

Do the smaller fragments of DNA move more or less distance in gel electrophoresis?

A

more

49
Q

How many bands must match a crime scene sample for a suspect to be considered guilty?

A

All bands

50
Q

How many bands must match a father in a paternity gel electrophoresis?

A

All that do not match the mother

51
Q

How do you determine the species who are most closely related using gel electrophoresis?

A

Most matching bands

52
Q

List the complementary base pairing rules.

A

Adenine-Thymine (DNA)
Adenine-Uracil (RNA)
Cytosine-Guanine (DNA and RNA)

53
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Polymers are long chains made from many repeating monomers

54
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

Copies the DNA template strand into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing during transcription

55
Q

What are the components of the sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

Pentose sugar and phsophate group

56
Q

What holds the nitrogenous bases together? How many bonds are there?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds
Adenine + Uracil = 2 hydrogen bonds
Adenine + Thymine = 2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine + Cytosine = 3 hydrogen bonds

57
Q

What is a set of 3 nucleotides in DNA called?

A

Triplet

58
Q

Name the three types of RNA

A

tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), mRNA (messenger RNA)

59
Q

Outline the steps involved in genetic engineering.

A
  1. Plasmid is removed from bacteria and cut with the same endouclease as the target gene
  2. Target gene and plasmid are joined together at the sugar-phosphate backbone by DNA ligase, forming a recombinant plasmid/DNA
  3. Recombinant DNA is placed back inside a bacteria
  4. Bacteria rapidly divides by binary fission making many copies of the target gene and target protein

Y10 Biology 2025 (5 decks)

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