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Y10 Biology 2024 > Intro to Y11 (biomacromolecules, enzymes, digestive system, endocrine system) > Flashcards

Intro to Y11 (biomacromolecules, enzymes, digestive system, endocrine system) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

The monomer of a carbohydrate

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2
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Carbohydrates are a polymer made up of many repeating monomers called monosaccharides

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3
Q

Give an example of a monosaccharide.

A

Glucose

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4
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides chemically bonded together.

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5
Q

Give an example of a disaccharide.

A

Maltose, lactose

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6
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polysaccharides are made up of long repeating chains of monosaccharides

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7
Q

Give an example of a polysaccharide.

A

Glycogen, starch

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8
Q

What is the function of a carbohydrate in the body?

A

Store of energy

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9
Q

What is a lipid?

A

a macromolecule consisting of fatty acid tails connected by a glycerol backbone.

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10
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

Making lipid based hormones
Energy
Insulation
Protecting vital organs

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11
Q

What are some functions of a protein?

A

Antibodies
Enzymes
Protein based hormones like insulin.

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12
Q

What is a protein?

A

Proteins are long, folded sequences of amino acids

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13
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acid

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14
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Activation energy is the energy required to start a reaction

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15
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A Biological protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

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16
Q

How do you describe the active site of an enzyme?

A

Specific and complimentary

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17
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

When one substrate is broken into multiple products

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18
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

When multiple substrates are combined to form one product

19
Q

What are the substrate and product of protease?

A

Substrate- protein/polypeptide
Product- amino acids

20
Q

What are the substrate and product of maltase?

A

Substrate- maltose
Product- glucose

21
Q

What are the substrate and product of lipase?

A

Substrate- lipids / triglycerides
Product- fatty acids and glycerol

22
Q

What are the substrate and product of amylase?

A

Substrate- starch
Product- maltose

23
Q

Draw and label a 3 part enzyme diagram for lipase.

A
24
Q

What word is given to the temperature or pH an enzyme works best at?

A

Optimum

25
Q

What word is used to describe an enzyme that is at a temperature above its optimum?

A

Denatured

26
Q

What word is used to describe an enzyme that is at a pH above or below its optimum?

A

Denatured

27
Q

What will happen to an enzyme if it denatures?

A

Active site will change shape and no longer be specific and complimentary to the substrate. There will be less enzyme-substrate complexes, less products and a lower rate of reaction.

28
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells performing a function

29
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues performing a function

30
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs performing a function

31
Q

What is digestion?

A

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules by chemical and physical means

32
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Chemical digestion is done by enzymes

33
Q

What digestion occurs in the mouth?

A

Physical digestion: teeth physically break food into smaller pieces
Chemical digestion: saliva contains amylase (enzyme) which chemically breaks down starch into maltose

34
Q

What is the role of the oesophagus?

A

Connects the mouth to the stomach
Food moves by peristalsis

No digestion or absorption happens in the oesophagus

35
Q

What is the role of the stomach?

A

Physical digestion: muscular bag that churns food
Chemical digestion: Makes pepsin (enzyme) that breaks down proteins

36
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

Make bile

37
Q

What is the role of the gall bladder?

A

Store bile

38
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

Bile physically breaks down lipids and neutralises stomach acid

39
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Pancreas makes enzymes that break down lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.

40
Q

What digestion occurs in the small intestine?

A

Chemical digestion: enzymes are released from the pancreas that break down proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
Physical digestion: bile emulsifies fat

41
Q

Where does absorption occur?

A

Small Intestines- (absorbs products of digestion)
Large Intestines- colon (absorbs water)

42
Q

What is the role of the large intestine?

A

Colon- absorbs water
Rectum and anus- store and excrete faeces

43
Q
A

Y10 Biology 2024 (5 decks)

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