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DMST 283 ECHO 2 > Intro To Valvular Pathology > Flashcards

Intro To Valvular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do we usually hear murmurs? 4

A
  1. Aortic valve
  2. Tricuspid valve
  3. Pulmonary valve
  4. Mitral valve
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2
Q

What valvular pathology might murmurs represent? 4

A
  1. Diastolic rumble heard @ apex
  2. Thrill heard at carotid
  3. Diastolic murmur - LUSB
  4. Pan- systolic LLSB murmur
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3
Q

Valvular diseases may be caused by a number of pathologies, including what? 4

A
  1. Calcification
  2. Rheumatic
  3. Congenital
  4. Acquired

Crac

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4
Q

Calcific valve disease occurs when there is what?

A

Build up of calcium on the valve

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5
Q

Who do we commonly see with calcific Disease?

A

In elderly patients

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6
Q

What does calcific affect in the heart? Where most commonly?

A
  1. The underside or annulus of the valve, as opposed to leaflet tips
  2. Most commonly AV, MV
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7
Q

Calcific disease might cause what? 2

A

Immobility of valve which leads to
1. Stenosis
2. Regurgitation

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8
Q

M-Mode with severe AS can be difficult to see what?

A

The Cusps with significant calcific AS

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9
Q

AV sclerosis can look like what? Where does it occur? 2

A
  1. Cusp tips look thin and pliable
  2. Underside of AV is calcified
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10
Q

What does MAC stand for?

A

Mitral annular calcification

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11
Q

Where does MAC start and where does it progress? Is anything spared? 3

A
  1. Starts at the annulus (usually posterior)
  2. Progresses inward on to leaflets
  3. Leaflet tips usually spared
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12
Q

What conditions are associated with Mitral annular calcification? 2

A
  1. Systemic HTN
  2. Diabetes
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13
Q

Rheumatic valve disease is caused by what?

A

Scarring from rheumatic fever

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14
Q

What are the dieseases associated with rheumatic heart disease inflammation condition? 2

A
  1. Strep throat
  2. Scarlet fever
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15
Q

What disease does the acute phase of Rheumatic heart disease involve?

A

Endocardial vasculitis- swelling leads to valve damage

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16
Q

During Rheumatic heart disease cusp tissue is infiltrated with what? What does this cause? 2

A
  1. Cusp tissue is infiltrated with fibrous tissue causing them to shorten and retract.
  2. Cusps can no longer come together to coapt
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17
Q

What is the percentage of rheumatic heart disease affect either the MV or the AV? 2

A
  1. MV 75-80%
  2. AV 20-25%
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18
Q

MAC usually causes what artifact?

A

Shadowing

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19
Q

Rheumatic heart disease usually coincides with what MV heart conditions?

A

MV stenosis and regurgitation

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20
Q

What condition is Rheumatic heart usually associated with?

A

Some degree of AS

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21
Q

How often does rheumatic heart disease affect PV/TV?

A

5%

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22
Q

Rheumatic heart disease may _________ __________ or Lead to __________ __________

A
  1. Resolve completely
  2. Progressive scarring
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23
Q

There has been a _____ ______ ______ in North America and Europe since the 1950s for rheumatic fever

A

Decrease six fold

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24
Q

Rheumatic heart disease is seen as a chronic disease in which population?

A

Older population

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25
Rheumatic heart disease is common where? 2
1. In other parts of the world 2. May be chronic or acute from other countries
26
Where does rheumatic MV disease start at?
Leaflet tips
27
During Rheumatic MV disease commissaries become what? 3
1. Thickened 2. Fibroses 3. Fused
28
For Rheumatic MV disease what happens to the chordae tendonae?
Matting and shortening
29
What kind of appearance is common of rheumatic MV disease?
Leads to a fish mouth appearance of the orifice
30
Rheumatic TV disease almost never occurs in what?
Isolation
31
For Rheumatic TV disease what is almost always involved?
MV
32
What does the Rheumatic TV disease look like? 2
1. Thickened and retracted TV leaflets 2. Diastolic doming of the TV leaflets seen in 2D (stenosis)
33
Most TV/PV disease is what?
Congenital
34
How likely is it to find Congenital valve disease in an adult echo?
Unlikely
35
What is ebstein’s anomaly?
Abnormal apical displacement of the TV
36
What are acquired valve diseases? 2
1. Annular dilation 2. Valve cannot close due to annular stretch from chamber dilation
37
What is an example of Acquired valve disease?
Carcinoid heart disease
38
What is carcinoid heart disease? 2
1. Rare malignant tumour causing RT heart valve damage only 2. Valves become thickened, retracted and fixed (TR and TS)
39
What is the consequence of valvular disease in terms of volume overload?
Dilation
40
What is the consequence of valvular disease in terms of pressure overload?
Hypertrophy
41
What is the AS afterload effect on LV in terms of process? 4
1. Outflow obstruction leading to increasing afterload 2. LV systolic pressure rises 3. To keep SV normal there is an increase of force of contraction 4. LVH develops (concentric) due to pressure overload
42
What are some MR: volume overload adaption for the LV?
Eccentric hypertrophy/ remodelling of the muscle fibres leading to dilation with little change in LV thickness
43
What are some acute chronic disease causes? 3
1. HTN 2. Trauma 3. Infarction
44
What are some LA adaptions for MR volume overload?
Dilation >> PV congestion >> Afib >>> CHF
45
Does Acute heart disease result in hypertrophy? Why?
No, because there is no slow build up
46
What are two types of regurgitation? 2
1. Organic regurgitation (AKA Primary) 2. Functional regurgitation (AKA secondary)
47
What is organic regurgitation?
Regurgitation due to an abnormality of the cusps: a structural abnormality of the valve
48
What are three organic regurgitation types? 3
1. Valvular prolapse 2. Calcific disease 3. Masses on the valve
49
What is functional regurgitation?
Regurgitation due to annular dilation which leads to poor cusp coapt action in an otherwise normal valve
50
What are some signs and symptoms of Functional regurgitation? 2
1. HTN (AV) 2. MI (poor LV function leads to LV dilation)
51
What is a valvular prolapse?
When One of both valve leaflets bow behind the valve annulus, causing the valve to leak
52
If one leaflet prolapses during valvular prolapse, what will happen?
Regurgitation will be eccentric
53
What is valvular prolapse often linked to?
Connective tissue disorders
54
What valve is valvular prolapse most common on?
MV
55
From left to right name the etiology? 3
1. Normal 2. Rheumatic 3. Calcific
56
What does the two images demonstrate?
Left a normal valve and a calcified valve on the right
57
What is this an example of?
M-Mode with Severe AS
58
What does this image demonstrate?
A normal (left) AV valve and a calcified (right) one 2
59
What is this an example of?
Mitral annular calcifcation: Notice how the calcifcation 1. Starts at the annulus (posterior) 2. Progresses inward on leaflets
60
What does this image demonstrate? 3
Rhematic TV disease: Notice the 1. MV is involved 2. Thickened and retracted TV leaflets 3. Diastolic doming
61
What does this image demonstrate?
Bicuspid AV
62
What does this image demonstrate?
Ebstein's anomaly *notice the abnormal apical displacement of the TV*

DMST 283 ECHO 2 (14 decks)

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