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toxicology > intro to toxicology > Flashcards

intro to toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

define poison

A

Any substance that causes a harmful effect when administered, either by accident or design, to a living organism

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2
Q

define toxicology

A

The study of the detection, occurrence, properties,

effects and regulation of toxic substances

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3
Q

Vinyl chloride doses - effect

A 
at high doses
a potent hepatotoxicant
At lower doses
a carcinogen with a long latent period
At very low doses
 without any apparent effect
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4
Q

chronic effect of aspirin

A

deleterious effects on the gastric mucosa

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5
Q

what dose of aspirin is fatal

A

0.2-0.5g/kg

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6
Q

variables of toxicity

A 
acute or chronic
vary from one organ to another
age
gender diet
physiological condition or health status
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7
Q

First line of barrier from drugs

A

skin protects us

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8
Q

what is LD50

A

lethal dose of 50% of population

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9
Q

name different portal of entry

A

alimentary canal
lungs
skin

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10
Q

what is Loomis classification

A

Environmental
residues, pollution and industrial hygiene
 Economic
development of chemicals such as drugs, pesticides and food additives
 Forensic
diagnosis, treatment and medicolegal aspects

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11
Q

pathway of the mechanism of toxic action

A 
uptake
distribution
metabolism
mode of action
excretion
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12
Q

how is alcohol excreted from the body

A

kidneys
sweat
tears

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13
Q

different chemical use classes

A 
Agricultural Chemicals 
 Clinical Drugs
 Drugs of Abuse
 Food Additives
 Industrial Chemicals
 Naturally Occurring Substances  Combustion Products
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14
Q

what are the sources of toxic compounds

A

synthetic organic compounds
naturally occurring toxins
inorganic chemicals

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15
Q

examples of synthetic organic compounds

A 
air, water, food pollutants
chemical additives in food
chemicals in the workplace
drugs of abuse
therapeutic drugs
pesticides
solvents
cosmetics
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16
Q

examples of air pollutants

A 
CO
Nitrogen oxides 
Sulphur oxides 
 Hydrocarbons 
 Particulates
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17
Q

their principal sources are

A

transportation
 Industrial Processes
 Electric Power Generation
 The Heating of Homes & Buildings

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18
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

produced by incomplete combustion
 primarily associated with the automobile
 not present at high enough levels to cause a directly measurable toxic effect
 important in the formation of photochemical air pollution

19
Q

what is photochemical air pollution

A

A result of interactions between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of UV light

20
Q

what products do photochemical air pollution make

A

lung irritants
peroxyacetyl nitrate
 acrolein
 formaldehyde

21
Q

what are particulates

A

smoke
heterogenous mixture

carriers of adsorbed hydrocarbons
 being irritants to the respiratory system
 Their distribution in atmosphere and in the respiratory tract, is largely a function of their size

22
Q

what is water pollution

A

a result of run from agricultural chemicals from cultivated fields
sewage

23
Q

types of agricultural chemicals in water

A

Insecticides
 chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT, chlordane, dieldrin  organophosphates
 carbamates
 Pesticides
 herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, etc.
 Fertilizers

24
Q

why are there chemical additives in food

A

preservatives
change physical characteristics
change colour taste odour

25
Q

examples of organic chemicals

A 
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
 hexane
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
benzene, toluene, xylene  Halogenated Hydrocarbons
dichloromethane, vinyl chloride 
Alcohols
methanol, ethylene glycol
26
Q

examples of inorganic chemcials

A

metals
- lead, copper, mercury, zinc, cadmium,
fluorides
carbon monoxide

27
Q

Types of drugs of abuse

A 
CNS depressants
 ethanol, methaqualone, secobarbital
CNS stimulants
 cocaine, methamphetamine (speed), caffeine,
nicotine
Opioids
 heroin, morphine, meperidine
Hallucinogens
 LSD, PCP, THC
28
Q

Toxicity depends on

A
  • the nature of the toxic response
  • the dose necessary to produce the toxic response
  • the relationship between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose
  • diet, age, gender, presence of other drugs, etc.
29
Q

what are the toxic effects of solvents

A

cutaneous toxic effects:

  • de-fatting, local irritation systemic toxic effects:
  • CNS effects
  • e.g. benzene on the blood-forming elements
30
Q

different type of solvents

A

Aliphatic hydrocarbons e.g. hexane
 Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons e.g. chloroform
 Aliphatic alcohols e.g. methanol
 Glycols & glycol ethers e.g. ethylene glycol
 Aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. benzene

31
Q

what are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Contained in natural products such as coal and crude oil
- Associated with incomplete combustion of organic materials
Found in:
 smoke from wood, coal, oil, tobacco  tar
 grilled foods
- Some are carcinogens

32
Q

which dyes are highly toxic or carcinogenic

A

azo or aromatic dyes

organometallics

33
Q

examples of naturally occurring toxins

A
  • Mycotoxins
     Microbial Toxins
     Plant Toxins
     Animal Toxins
34
Q

what is a mycotoxin

A

toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom

35
Q

name the different groups of mycotoxins

A

ergot alkaloids
aflatoxins
tricothecenes

36
Q

what are ergot alkaloids

A

derivatives of ergotine
 the most active are amides of lysergic acid
 affect the CNS
 vasoconstrictors
 implicated in epidemics of gangrenous and convulsive ergotism
 ergotism outbreaks still affect livestock

37
Q

what are aflatoxins

A

products of species of the genus Aspergillus,
particularly Aflavus
 the fungus Aflavus is a common contaminant of
grain, peanuts, etc
- carcinogens

38
Q

what are tricothecenes

A 
products of species of the genera Fusarium
and Tricoderma
 acutely toxic
 bactericidal, fungicidal, insecticidal
 diarrhoea, anorexia, ataxia
 Abakabi disease in Japan
 Stachybotryotoxicosis in former USSR
 Used as chemical warfare agents
39
Q

what are microbial toxins

A 
produced by microorganisms
most toxic ones are
tetanus
botulinus 
diphtheria
40
Q

black pepper what type of toxin

A

carcinogen safrole

41
Q

potatoes what type of toxin

A

teratogen solanine

42
Q

types of animal toxins

A

bee venom:
 biogenic amine + histamine + three peptides + two enzymes
 snake venom:
 peptides with 60 - 70 amino acids
 cardiotoxic
 neurotoxic
 affect the blood clotting mechanisms  damage blood vessels

43
Q

types of inorganic air pollutants

A

nitrogen oxides

sulphur oxides

44
Q

types of inorganic metals

A

beryllium - used in the steel industry
 cadmium - exposed from welding and soldering, tobacco smoking
 mercury - used in electronics industry and in fungicides
lead
 used in petrol, batteries, paint
 poisoning common in children
 widespread contaminant of water and air

toxicology (4 decks)

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