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toxicology > cocaine > Flashcards

cocaine Flashcards

1
Q

source od cocaine

A

Alkaloid found in Erythroxylon coca

grown in SA

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2
Q

how to make cocaine

A

leaves dried & converted to coca paste

• Coca paste converted to cocaine HCl

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3
Q

what is the cocaine content in leaf

A

.1–0.8% can

reach 1.2%

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4
Q

how long does harvesting take

A

2 years to first harvest; 3 harvests / year

after that

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5
Q

100kg coca leaves = how much coca paste

A

1kg

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6
Q

two types of uses in cocaine

A

medicinal
topical anaesthetic (HCl solution)
- ENT SURGERY
- OPTHALMOLOGICAL USE

Illicit
physotropic drug
- HCL salt
- crack

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7
Q

what can be used to cut - diluted

A

mannitol, sucrose, lactose
– Caffiene, PPA, ephedrine, lidocaine

sometime get these side effects

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8
Q

size of a line and its dose

A

0-60 x 2 mm lines = average 25 mg dose

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9
Q

what is crack

A

smoked

makes a characteristic cracking sound

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10
Q

typical dose of crack

A

20mg

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11
Q

what is free basing

A

Cocaine HCl purified by user into free base form of drug, which is extracted into ether.

Ether is evaporated and resulting powder is smoked

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12
Q

what’s the risk of ether

A

flammable

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13
Q

what is the chemistry of cocaine

A

tropine and benzoic acid

Ester of benzoic acid & amino alcohol, methyl ecgonine

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14
Q

What are the Mechanism of action in the body

A

Blocks Na-channel conductance
• Increased threshold for pain
- TOPICAL ANALGESIA

Blocks reuptake of neurotransmitters NE, DA, 5-HT they can last longer
• NE – adrenergic effects (physiological)
• DA – dopaminergic effects (behavioral)

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15
Q

Effects of cocaine

A

Inhibition of NE reuptake
– vasoconstriction, mydriasis (dilation of pupils), hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis (sweating), tremor

Inhibition of DA reuptake
- desirable effects
sweating
• intense euphoria, psychic energy, increased sexual excitement, elevation of “mood” (self-confidence)
–undesirable effects
• paranoia, hallucinations, dysphoria
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16
Q

which administration route gives you a high most

A

IN

17
Q

Toxicity of cocaine

A 
- CNS stimulation - as cocaine binds to myocardium ( heart attack) 
• Cardiotoxicity
• Hyperthermia
• Rhinitis
• Tachycardia 
• Paranoia
• Epilepsy
• Angina
18
Q

Bioavailability of cocaine

A

Route of administration – IV (mainlining) – 100%
– IN - 25-94%
– SM – 57-70%
– PO – 20%

19
Q

what is the name of the compound you get when alcohol and cocaine is mixed

A

cocaethylene
more cardiotoxic
only made by liver CALLED LIVER methyl esterase
CATEGORICAL PROOF

20
Q

what is the primary metabolism of cocaine

A

Plasma Primary identifier pseudocholinesterase; Liver benzoylesterase

EME very potent identifier - if reported suggests crack uses

21
Q

what metabolite is detected in urine and why and what is the window of detection

A

BE
2-4 days
urine is mainly water therefore it converts to BE

22
Q

which route has similar absorption and elimination kinetics

A

IV

SM

23
Q

how long does it take to peak with IN and PO

A

30-60 min delay to peak

24
Q

which route gives you a high EME

A

PO

25
Q

single dosing
chronic dosing
IV administration
peak plasma

A

0.2-0.4 mg/L (single dosing)
– 1-2 mg/L (chronic dosing)
– 0.87-3.2 mg/L (IV administration)

26
Q

BE plasma conc in IV, SM, IN

A

90 min (IV & SM)
• 1⁄2 [peak cocaine]
– 3 hrs (IN)
• 2x [peak cocaine]

27
Q

what is BE

A

breakdown product INACTIVE

28
Q

What order kinetics in elimination

A

first order

29
Q

what T1/2 for cocaine

A

60 – 84 min (cocaine)

3.5-6 hrs BE

30
Q

how much is recovered in urine and what are the contents

A 
65% dose recovered
1-9% (unchanged) 
– 26-54% (BE)
– 18-41% (EME)
– 2-3% (ecgonine)
31
Q

pathological aspects of cocaine use

A

Cocaine-induced agitated delirium – Acute Behavioural Disorder
• Cardiovascular disease
• Neurologic disorders
• Malnutrition
• Nasal septum perforation • Needle marks
• Bite marks in mouth

32
Q

can cocaine react with H20

A

WELL YH

turns to BE

33
Q

which organ is used to look at cocaine use PM

A

BRAIN

34
Q

alternate matrices

A 
Hair
• Nail
• Oral Fluid 
• Sweat
• Meconium
35
Q

DUI effects

A

mid altering

altered vision

36
Q

what analytical techniques used

A 
immunoassay ABT antigen
can't cliff between
novocaine bromocaine
 • SPE and L/L extraction Solidphase extraction liquid liquid
• Thin layer chromatography
 • Gas chromatography
• Liquid chromatography

toxicology (4 decks)

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