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toxicology > alcohol > Flashcards

alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

how is alcohol made

A

fermentation of sugars
reaction is self limiting
• ENZYMES INVOLVED IN FERMENTATION GET INACTIVATED BY ALCOHOL WHEN ITS CONCENTRATION IS HIGH ENOUGH

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2
Q

what is the specific gravity of alcohol

A

0.789
1ml of water is 1 g

1ml of alcohol is 0.789

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3
Q

what’s heavy water or alcohol

A

water

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4
Q

is alcohol a drug

A

YAS IT IS

CNS DEPRESSANT

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5
Q

what are the similarities between narcotics and alcohol

A
  1. PRODUCE EUPHORIA
  2. CNS DEPRESSANTS
  3. RESPIRATORY DEPRESSANTS
  4. TOLERANCE
  5. PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE (ADDICTION)
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6
Q

what are the differences between narcotics and alcohol

A
  1. WEAKER POTENCY OF ALCOHOL
    • (REQUIRES TENS OF GRAMS FOR EFFECTIVENESS)
  2. VERY WEAK ANALGESIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL
    • (NARCOTICS ARE VERY STRONG PAIN KILLERS)
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7
Q

define drug

A

are chemicals that increase or decrease the activity of various body parts

drugs cannot change body parts

do not create effects, they modify existing functions

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8
Q

define potency

A

amount of a drug needed to produce a given effect

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9
Q

define efficacy

A

maximum effect a drug can produce regardless of dose

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10
Q

which neurotransmitter is released in acute administration of alcohol and what is its mechanism

A

GABA
binds to receptor thus allowing increased transportation of chloride ions into the post-synaptic neurone

cl- helps to make the neurone less excitable

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11
Q

which neurotransmitter does it inhibit and increase

A

NMDA

acetylcholine and dopamine

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12
Q

what determines the blood alcohol concentration

A

quantity of alcohol consumed
speed of drinking

the individual
- age, sex, race, BMI

the environment
- food drugs how much

pathophysiology
- drinker’s health, liver, kidney and gut

genetics
- active enzymes or polymorphism

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13
Q

where is alcohol broken down in the body

A

liver

small fraction excreted in urine via non oxidative metabolism
into
- ethyl glucuronide
- ethyl sulphate

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14
Q

is there alcohol in non drinkers

A

0.0001%

as carbs can be microbial fermented

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15
Q

what GI disorders cause endogenous alcohol

A

obstruction

small intestinal overgrowth syndrome

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16
Q

where is alcohol most absorbed in the body

A

duodenum and small intestine

partly thru stomach wall

17
Q

name two sphincters found int the stomach

A

cardiac/ lower oesophageal sphincter

pyloric sphincter

18
Q

how much fluid can the stomach hold

A

1.5L fluid

19
Q

how does gastric emptying occur

A

when the pressure in the antrum region exceeds that in the duodenum

facilitated by peristaltic waves

20
Q

what can reduce reabsorption

A
  • lipid rich diet
  • food in the stomach
  • various carbs and amino acids - fructose and glycol
    smoking cigarettes
  • drugs that delay gastric emptying - anticholinergic drugs
  • beers with high content of carbs
  • trauma, shock and massive blood loss as it reduces PNS
21
Q

What can increase absorption

A 
DRINKING IN THE MORNING AFTER OVERNIGHT FAST
• DRINKS WITH HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF ETHANOL (E.G. UNDILUTED SPIRITS)
• CARBONATED DRINKS
• DRUGS THAT ACCELERATE GASTRIC EMPTYING
- CISAPRIDE,
METOCLOPRAMIDE,
ERYTHROMYCIN
• LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL
ABS
• SURGERY TO THE GUT
• GASTRECTOMY,GASTRICBYPASS
22
Q

alcohol pathway in the blood

A

enters the portal venous blood into the liver then to the heart via the hepatic vein before reaching all parts of the body

23
Q

define volume of distribution

A

the amount of drug in the body to the concentration of the drug measured in the blood

24
Q

how long does it take for arterial venous difference to come to zero

A

about 90 minutes

25
Q

how is alcohol removed

A

oxidative metabolism

excreted unchanged in breath, sweat, urine

26
Q

what happens in non-oxidative metabolism

A

phase 2 enzymes
produce water soluble metabolites
- ethyl glucuronide (ETG)
- Ethyl sulphate (ETS)

27
Q

name the biomarkers used in urine and hair analysis

A
  • ethyl glucuronide (ETG)

- Ethyl sulphate (ETS)

28
Q

name the three enzymes involved in breakdown of alcohol

A
  • ALCOHOLDEHYDROGENASE,ADH • CATALASE

* CYTOCHROMEP450,CYP2E1

29
Q

what happens to your skin because of alcohol

A

dilates blood vessels
results in redness or flushing
sweat
lose heat

30
Q

what factors effect the GI tract

A

presence or absence of food
type of food present
degree of tolerance of alcohol
presence or ansence of GI disease

31
Q

at what conc level is alcohol an irritant

A

above 40%
hyperaemia - excess of blood in the vessels
gastritis and erosion (inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach

32
Q

what does food do in the stomach

A

dilute the alcohol thus alleviating irritation

delay absorption due to mixing of alcohol and physical interactions with alcohol by some types

33
Q

what does alcohol stimulate in the stomach

A

direct action

reflux

toxicology (4 decks)

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