Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Intro to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Intro to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

A network of nerve cells and fibres that transmit nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which system does the nervous system work closely with?

A

The endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the features of the cell body?

A

They’re the control centre. They have a nucleus and organelles but lack centurions which are required for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the features of dendrites?

A

They’re small projections from the cell body that have branches for increased surface area. They bring afferent processes (sensory).
The mixture between axons and dendrites are referred to as fibres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of axons?

A

Only 1 axon from each cell body carrying impulses away from the cell body and thus are for efferent processes. Surrounded by myelin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the regions between myelin called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the CNS what is myelin created by?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the PNS what is myelin created by?

A

Schwann Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells can regenerate in which nervous system, peripheral or central?

A

Peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Neurilemma?

A

The tight covering around myelin in Schwann cells that play an important role in regeneration (as the PNS can regenerate whereas CNS cannot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

They’re not nerve cells as they don’t conduct nerve impulses but they support, nourish and protect neurons and can divide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the features of sensory neurons?

A

Have long dendrites and short axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the features of efferent/motor neurons?

A

They have short dendrites and long axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are interneurons?

A

They’re only in the CNS and form the connecting link between afferent and efferent neurons. They’re short dendrites that vary in axon length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a tract?

A

A bundle of axons in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What cavity is the CNS encased in?

A

The dorsal body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the brain?

A

In the cranial vault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral canal of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord continuous with?

A

Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the features of the dura mater?

A

Dura = outermost layer of the meninges
Tough, white connective tissue that continues with the optic nerve to the back of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the features of the Arachnoid mater?

A

Arachnoid = middle layer of the meninges
Cobweb appearance, a thin layer connecting to the innermost layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the features of the subarachnoid space?

A

This is the space under the arachnoid that’s filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the features of the Pia mater?

A

Pia = innermost layer of the meninges
Thin and delicate membrane that’s tightly bound to the brain surface and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend from?

A

The foramen magnum to the first lumbar vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many segments and spinal nerve are there?

A

31 segments with a pair of spinal nerves each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The ventral or dorsal routes are in the spinal cord. Which are afferent and which are efferent?

A

Dorsal = Afferent
Ventral = Efferent

30
Q

Where does the distal end of the spinal cord extend?

A

Beyond the conus medullaris that forms the cauda equina

31
Q

What is the brain divided into?

A

Cerebrum, diencephalons, brain stem and cerebellum

32
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Voluntary moves, planning and reasoning

33
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Hearing, language, face recognition and memory

34
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Somatosensation and body orientation

35
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

V1

36
Q

What does the central sulcus do?

A

Separates V5 anteriorly from the somatosensory area behind it

37
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest lobe with a deep longitudinal fissure that splits it into 2 hemispheres that are connected by white fibres called the corpus callosum for communication.

38
Q

What the outer grey matter known as?

A

The cerebral cortex

39
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus & epithalamus

Thalamus - 80% of the diencephalon; serve as relay stations for sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus - Has a key role in maintaining homeostatis as it regulates visceral activities

Epithalamus - Most dorsal portion and acts like a biological clock

40
Q

Where is the brain stem?

A

Between the diencephalons and spinal cord

41
Q

What are the features of the pons?

A

Primarily has nerve fibres forming conduction tracts between higher brain centres & spinal cord

42
Q

What are the features of the medulla?

A

Continuous with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum. They’re all afferent and efferent connecting brain and spinal cord passes through the medulla.

43
Q

What is the cerebellum for?

A

Co-ordination and balance; 2nd largest portion of the brain resting inferiorly to the occipital lobes.
Contain 3 paired bundles of myelinated nerve fibres called cerebellar penduncles that provide a communication pathway between cerebellum and other parts of the CNS.

44
Q

How do you test that the cerebellum is working properly?

A

Through the Romberg test where you stand with your feet together and eyes closed to see if able to maintain balance.

45
Q

How are the spinal cord nerves divided into?

A

31 paired;
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal

46
Q

How are the spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord?

A

Via the dorsal and ventral root (ventral roots come through the anterior horn cell bodies in the CNS)

47
Q

When do the ventral and dorsal roots of the spine join to form the spinal nerve?

A

At the vertebral column and exit at the intervertebral formina.

48
Q

The PNS is split into afferent and efferent nerves. What are the efferent nerves then split into?

A

The somatic (voluntary - supplies motor impulses to skeletal muscles) and autonomic (involuntary - motor impulses to cardiac, smooth and glandular tissues; parasympathetic and sympathetic)

49
Q

What are plexi in the somatic nervous system?

A

Nerve webs formed by spinal nerves reorganising and interweaving. They form 4 plexi.

50
Q

What are the 4 plexi of the somatic nervous system?

A

1) Cervical Plexus
Head, neck and shoulders

2) Brachial Plexus
Serve chest, shoulders, arms and hands

3) Lumbar Plexus
Back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees and calves

4) Sacral Plexus
Pelvis, butt, genitals, thighs, calves and feet

The thoracic nerves don’t feed the plexi but they feed into the chest wall and intercoastal nerves

51
Q

Why do plexi exist?

A

Safety measure so that injury at one site/body region may not affect the vital functions of the body

52
Q

The cervical region of nerves where do they exit?

A

Above corresponding vertebrae so C1 vertebrae = C1 spinal nerve

53
Q

The coccygeal region in the spinal originates where?

A

Below the corresponding vertebrae so C7 and T1 = C8 spinal nerve root

54
Q

The lumbar region of the spinal cord, where does the spinal cord end and where does the spinal nerve root end?

A

Spinal cord ends at L1 (conus medullaris) and the spinal nerve roots travel in dural sac below L2 (cauda equina)

55
Q

Where are electrical impulses from the CNS relayed to?

A

The neuromuscular junction that converts the signal from electrical to chemical to allow for muscle contraction.

56
Q

The somatic path of the efferent pathway of the nervous system is split into 2 further areas. What are they?

A

The somatic peripheral nervous system and the somatic reflex arc

57
Q

In the somatic peripheral nervous system, where are the sensory and motor neurons?

A

Sensory - dorsal root ganglia
Motor - brainstem or spinal cord

58
Q

In the somatic reflex arc, what is a polysynaptic reflex?

A

Sensory neurons stimulated, activates interneuron that stimulates the motor neuron causing movement (which is one interneuron)

59
Q

What is the autonomic system of the efferent pathway of the spinal cord split into?

A

The sympathetic pathway and parasympathetic pathway

60
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibres of the spinal cord originate?

A

In the thoracic (cranial nerves_ and the thoraco-lumbar (the 31 pairs of spinal nerves from the spine) at T1-L3/2 at the lateral horn. These feed into the sympathetic chain at either side of the vertebral column that leave as mainly unmyelinated post-ganglionic fibres to the organ destination.

61
Q

What are the 4 routes of the pre-ganglionic fibres of the sympathetic pathway of the autonomic system of efferent fibres in PNS?

A

1) Synapse with para-vertebral ganglion and post-ganglion via grey communication branch that rejoins at the spinal nerve

2) Synapse with para-vertebral ganglion but exit sympathetic nerve for thoracic activity

3) Don’t synapse and exit splanchnic nerve

4) Travel via the splanchnic nerve to medulla without synapsing

There are some exceptions being ACh which synapses at pre-gang and Noradrenaline at post-ganglionic synapse

62
Q

Which thoracic spine nerves involve the sympathetic chain?

A

T1 and T2
Short pre and long post-ganglionic fibres

63
Q

Of the sympathetic chain in the autonomic nervous system, how do the thoracic spine nerves travel?

A

1) Stay at the same level

2) Goes up or down the chain until reaching whichever organ it has to innervate

3) Travels to another ganglion in the bodies periphery that’s closer to the organ it needs to innervate

64
Q

What is the exception to the rule of parasympathetic and sympathetic NS neurotransmitters?

A

The adrenal medulla - directly innervated by the pre-ganglionic axon where ACh is at pre-gang but adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion are at the post-gang
& sweat glands where ACh is the neurotransmitter at both pre-and-post synapses

65
Q

The parasympathetic fibres of the autonomic system of the efferent nerves of the PNS originate from which 4 cranial nerves and sacral fibres?

A

CN III = eye constriction - Oculomotor
CN VII = salivary glands - Facial
CN IV = salivary glands - Glossopharyngeal
CN X = slows heart rate - Vagus

The sacral nerves supply the bowel and bladder

Long pre and short post-ganglionic neurones. Exclusively use ACh as neurotransmitter.

= Cranio-Sacral

66
Q

What cells are in the CNS and what do they do?

A

Astrocytes - structural and metabolic support
Microglia - Macrophage cells - immune support
Oligodendrocytes - Myelinate neurones in CNS
Ependymal Cells - Line ventricles, produce CSF, homeostasis

67
Q

What cells are in the PNS and what do they do?

A

Schwann Cells - Myelinate neurones in PNS
Satellite Cells - Structural/metabolic support in PNS ganglia

68
Q

What nerves does the somatic system deal with?

A

43 = 31 spinal pairs and 12 cranial nerves

69
Q

What is the brain divided into?

A

Cerebrum, Diencephalons, Brain Stem & Cerebellum

70
Q

What surrounds the spinal cord?

A

Bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions