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Anatomy & Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment. Any self-regulating process where biological systems maintain stability whilst adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

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2
Q

What are the 4 elements that make up the homeostasis process?

A

Imbalance
Receptor
Control Centre
Effector

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3
Q

What are the 4 categories of chemical signaling in multi-cellular organisms?

A

1) Autocrine
2) Signalling across gap junctions
3) Paracrine
4) Endocrine

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4
Q

What is the autocrine system of chemical signalling?

A

Part of the human immune response where molecules act on the same cells that produce them

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5
Q

What is the ‘signalling across gap junctions’ system of chemical signalling?

A

A cell that targets cells connected via a junction like with muscles

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6
Q

What is the paracrine system of chemical signalling?

A

A cell that signals to a nearby cell like tissues and nerve cells do

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7
Q

What is the endocrine system of chemical signalling?

A

When a cell targets a distant cell via the bloodstream such as the thyroid

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8
Q

What system does glucose control fall in?

A

Endocrine - negative

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9
Q

Where is glucose stored?

A

The liver

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10
Q

What is glucose stored as in the liver?

A

As Glycogen

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11
Q

What is Glycogenesis?

A

The formation of glycogen from glucose. It occurs depending on glucose and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) demand. When blood sugar is high, insulin promotes the glucose conversion into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscle cells

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12
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

What glucose is stored as in the liver

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13
Q

What pancreatic hormone will cause an increase in blood sugar?

A

Glucagon

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14
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A pancreatic hormone that increases blood sugar levels

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15
Q

What is glucose converted into to be used by cells?

A

ATP

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16
Q

What is Glycogenlysis?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate converted to glucose for distribution in blood to various cells e.g. the brain. It breaks down glycogen into glucose when blood sugar levels are low.

17
Q

What hormones control glycogenlysis?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

18
Q

What is glyconeogensis?

A

The synthesis of glucose from non-carb sources

19
Q

Where does glyconeogensis occur?

A

Mainly in the liver but some occurs in the kidney

20
Q

When does glyconeogensis occur?

A

When blood glucose is low

21
Q

When does glycogenesis occur?

A

When blood sugar is too high

22
Q

When does glycogenlysis occur?

A

When blood sugar levels are too low

23
Q

Alpha, Beta and Delta cells in the pancreas make up the what?

A

Islet of Langerhan

24
Q

What is another name for alpha, beta and delta cells?

A

Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin

25
Q

What does glucagon/alpha cells do?

A

Releases the hormone glucagon that converts glycogen back into glucose

26
Q

What does Insulin/Beta cells do?

A

Detect the excess of glucose and release insulin to reduce blood sugar levels

27
Q

What do delta/Somatostatin cells do?

A

Release somatostatin to inhibit insulin and glucagon

28
Q

What is an example of a negative endocrine feedback loop?

A

Blood calcium levels

29
Q

How does the blood calcium level cycle work?

A

1) Circulating blood decreases which is sensed by the parathyroid glands
2) Parathyroid glands express calcium which increases secretion of parathyroid hormone.
3) The parathyroid hormone enters the blood and goes to 3 distant cells.
4) Calcium absorption is increased in the bones and is decreased by the bones reservoir

30
Q

Why is calcium needed?

A

Essential for nerve and muscle functioning.

31
Q

What is a symptom of low calcium in the heart?

A

Dysrhythmias

32
Q

What is an example of a positive endocrine system?

A

Childbirth and blood clotting. In positive systems the release of a hormone initiates additional release of the same hormone. This only is a good thing when there is a natural end-point.

33
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

The process of keeping blood pressure within the normal range

34
Q

What are baroreceptors and where are they?

A

They’re blood pressure receptors in the aortic arch and internal carotid artery.

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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