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Large Animal Handling > Intro to the Dairy Industry > Flashcards

Intro to the Dairy Industry Flashcards

1
Q

Heifer

A

young female that hasn’t calved

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2
Q

Cow

A

female that has calved

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3
Q

Bull

A

intact male

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4
Q

Bull Cow

A

cows chosen to leave herd to be slaughtered

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5
Q

Steer

A

neutered male cow

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6
Q

Veal calf

A

all male dairy cows not for breeding

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7
Q

The typical make up of dairy herds in NS

A

70 cows in milk production
70 heifers ready for milk production

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8
Q

Where was the Holstein originally bred?

A

netherlands

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9
Q

T or F: Holsteins are comonly seen in canada

A

true

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10
Q

How much do mature holsteins weigh?

A

1500-1700 lbs

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11
Q

How much do holstein calves weigh?

A

80-100 lbs

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12
Q

Where was jerseys originally bred?

A

jersey island

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13
Q

How much do jerseys weigh?

A

800-1,100 lbs

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14
Q

Life cycle of a (F) dairy cow

A

Calf is born
Calf is removed from dam after 0-24 hours
kept as replacement animal for herd

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15
Q

Life cycle of a (M) dairy cow

A

calf is born
calf is removed from damn after 0-24 hours
sold to be raised for veal
some may be kept for breeding bulls

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16
Q

Male dairy cows are raised for ________

A

meat

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17
Q

Disease prevention

A

johnes
mastitis

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18
Q

When are cows wheaned off?

A

3-4 weeks to 8-12 weeks of age

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19
Q

Cows are ________ at birth

A

monogastric - esophageal groove

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20
Q

Calves are fed ____ or _______for 0-12 weeks

A

milk or milk replacer

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21
Q

How are calves fed?

A

fed 2-3 times daily
individual bottles or big buckets with multiple nipples
automatic feeders
hay is free choice

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22
Q

Esophageal groove

A

bypasses reticulum, rumen and enters abomasum

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23
Q

Quick life cycle of dairy cows

A

age 12-16 months heifers are bred
heifer calves
ready to enter milking herd

24
Q

TMR

A

Total Mixed Ration - everything in one bite

25
Q

Pros of a tie stall

A

no competition for food
individual monitoring of cows

26
Q

Cons of a tie stall

A

unable to exercise
unable to express natural behaviour

27
Q

Pros of a free stall

A

ability to express natural behaviour
freedom to move around
freedom to exercise

28
Q

Cons of a free stall

A

able to monitor individual cows is harder
competition at the feed bunk
dominance behaviour/bullying

29
Q

Dry cow

A

dairy cow that it’s in the stage of their lactation cycle where milk production is no more prior to calving

30
Q

free stalls make up ___% of stalls in canada where tie stalls make up ___% of stalls

A

60%;40%

31
Q

Caring for sick cattle

A

should have hospital pen on farm
keep cow in tie stall - no pasturing!
seperate from barn if contagious/long term illness

32
Q

Caring for dairy cattle in hospital

A

housed in individual stall
typically fed dry hay
cleaning out stall
adding fresh bedding
calves would be bottle fed

33
Q

What is mastitis and how is it found?

A

infection of the mammary glands and is diagnosed by the higher quantities of stomatic cells in milk

34
Q

Why is mastitis a huge cost to dairy farms?

A

creates a loss of milk productions
cannot sell severely affected milk
infection = scarring of mammary gland
scarred mammary gland = less milk

35
Q

T or F: Mastitis is NOT contagious

A

false - mastitis is contagious and can spread through equipment/ general contact

36
Q

Cows with mastitis can be _____

A

subclinical
long-term carriers
clinical - signs of infection
serious enough to cause sepsis/death

37
Q

What should farmers do to stay on top of mastitis infections?

A

keep accurate records and test herd regularly

38
Q

Testing for mastitis

A

bulk milk is tested
individual milk from cows should be tested too

39
Q

What is hypocalcaemia?

A

the inablity of a cow to move enough calcium from bone into milk fast enough

40
Q

Hypocalcaemia during parturition

A

creates huge muscle demand
can result in dystocia
parturient paresis

41
Q

Hypocalcaemia during initial lactation

A

creates huge milk demand
can cause milk fever

42
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A

muscular weakness
subnormal temperature
increased heart rate
loss of consciousness
sternal recumbency

43
Q

How to prevent hypocalcaemia

A

appropriate diet during dry off
careful monitoring
prevent high risk cows at calving by giving them calcium bolus

44
Q

Treatment for hypocalcaemia

A

Calcium IV/SQ usually solves issue
oral fluid/electrolytes/ glucose

45
Q

LDA/RDA

A

due to atony/increase in gas production
can result in bloat
gas causes abomasum to rise

46
Q

Risk factors of LDA/RDA

A

electrolyte imbalances including calcium and potassium
concurrent disease incl. mastitis or metritis
common within 1 month post parturient
genetic predisposition
happens more in higher production cows
inadequate roughage in diet

47
Q

LDA can happen without _____

A

volvulus - medical treatment can be tried early on

48
Q

Any ____ displaced abomasum must be _____ ______

A

right;surgically corrected

49
Q

T or F: we can’t distuingish RDA from volvulus

A

true

50
Q

RDA/LDA

A

Right displaced abomasum;Left displaced abomasum

51
Q

A dry cow’s diet should be low in _____ and _____

A

potassium;phosphorus

52
Q

Why should a dry cow’s diet be low in potassium and phosphorus?

A

can lead to hypocalcaemia at calving

53
Q

Another term for free stall barns

A

open drylots

54
Q

Beef cattle management can be seperated into what?

A

cow-calf and cattle feeding/feedlot operations

55
Q

Cow-calf business produce what?

A

calves that enter breeding herd or are sent to cattle-feeding operations/feedlots

Large Animal Handling (6 decks)

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