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Physiology 1 > Intro to the CVS > Flashcards

Intro to the CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Why is a cardiovascular system needed? [6 marks]

A
  • Carry gases
  • Transport nutrients
  • Circulate hormones and immune mediators
  • Connects to the lymphatic system
  • Human reproduction
  • Regulates temperature
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2
Q

What is the time needed to diffuse a given distance proportional to? [1 mark]

A

The square of the distance

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3
Q

What is Hg? [1 mark]

A

Pressure that it takes to support a column of mercury at millimetres.

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4
Q

How is blood pressure measured? [1 mark]

A

Systolic/Diastolic

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5
Q

What is systole? [1 mark]

A

Contraction

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6
Q

What is diastole? [1 mark]

A

Relaxation

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7
Q

What is cardiac output? [1 mark]

A
  • The volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute.

- Typically around 5 litres/min.

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8
Q

What tissues are under perfused? [2 marks]

A
  • Myocardium

- Brain

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9
Q

What clinical problems can arise from under perfusion? [3 marks]

A
  • Angina
  • Stroke
  • MI
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10
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output? [3 marks]

A

Cardiac output (CO) = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

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11
Q

What controls cardiac output? [3 marks]

A
  • Starling’s Law
  • Autonomic control of the heart
  • Chemical factors like adrenaline
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12
Q

What is blood flow proportional to? [1 mark]

A

Pressure difference across blood vessels

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13
Q

What is blood flow inversely proportional to? [1 mark]

A

Resistance of blood vessels

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14
Q

What is the formula for blood flow? [3 marks]

A

Blood flow= ((P artery-P vein))/Resistance

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15
Q

How does resistance affect blood flow? [1 marks]

A

Higher resistance = lower blood flow

and vice versa

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16
Q

What is the blood pressure at systemic circulation and why is it that? [2 marks]

A
  • 120/80

- To exert enough force to pump blood around.

17
Q

What is the blood pressure at pulmonary circulation and why is that? [2 marks]

A
  • 25/15

- To allow gaseous exchange to occur.

18
Q

What are the resistance vessels and what do they do? [3 marks]

A
  • Arterioles
  • Determine total peripheral resistance by controlling arterial blood pressure
  • Decrease in diameter = decrease in downstream pressure
19
Q

How does the cross-sectional area affect velocity? [1 mark]

A

Decrease in CSA = increase in velocity

and vice versa

20
Q

What is the formula for blood velocity? [3 marks]

A

Blood velocity (cm/s) = (Blood flow)/number × (πr^2 per vessel))

21
Q

What occurs in dual parallel circulation and what organs are supplied this way? [3 marks]

A
  • Cardiac output is split
  • This safeguards O2 supply in organs
  • Most organs are supplied this way
22
Q

What occurs in dual series (portal) circulation and what organs are supplied this way? [3 marks]

A
  • Blood flow from one organ to another
  • Lower perfusion pressures
  • Organs in the digestive system are supplied this way
23
Q

What is in the tunica intima? [2 marks]

A
  • One layer of endothelial cells

- Supported by an internal elastic lamina

24
Q

What is in the tunica media of arterioles, arteries and the aorta? [3 marks]

A

ARTERIOLES: smooth muscle in circular lamellae
ARTERIES: elastic fibres and collagen form lamellae
AORTA: lots of elastic fibres

25
Q

What is the difference between the tunica media in venous vessels and arterial vessels? [1 mark]

A

There’s less elastic fibres in venous vessels (as they don’t need to transport blood in high pressure)

26
Q

What is in the tunica adventitia in arterial and venous vessels? [2 marks]

A

ARTERIAL: collagen supported by an external lamina
VENOUS: collagen

27
Q

What does the endothelium do? [2 marks]

A
  • Produces nitric oxide

- Relaxes the vessels

28
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do in the tunica adventitia? [3 marks]

A
  • Releases noradrenaline
  • Stimulates α1 adrenergic receptors
  • Leads to vasoconstriction
29
Q

What are capacitance vessels and what do they do? [3 marks]

A
  • Veins/venules
  • Control filling pressure
  • Provide reservoir for 2/3 of blood
30
Q

What are elastic vessels and what do they do? [3 marks]

A
  • Arteries
  • They accommodate stroke volume.
  • Convert intermittent ejection into continuous flow.
31
Q

What are exchange vessels and what do they do? [3 marks]

A
  • Capillaries
  • Deliver nutrients to tissue
  • Form lymph to remove metabolic waste

Physiology 1 (13 decks)

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