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Physiology 1 > Cardiac cycle > Flashcards

Cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is convection? [1 mark]

A

Mass movement of fluid caused by pressure distance

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2
Q

What is the SA node? [1 mark]

A

A group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium

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3
Q

What can the SA node do? [2 marks]

A
  • Spontaneously produce action potential

- Acts as a pacemaker

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4
Q

What influences the rate of action potential production of the SA node? [1 mark]

A

Nerves that supply it

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5
Q

Where does the SA node sends its signals? [2 marks]

A
  • Through the right atrium

- Through fibres to the AV node

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6
Q

What does the AV node do? [2 marks]

A
  • Connects the right atrium and right ventricle

- Delays impulses so that atria have time to eject their blood into ventricles

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7
Q

What is the If (funny current) threshold? [1 mark]

A

-40 mV

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8
Q

What are the phases of an action potential in the SA node? [3 marks]

A
  • Slow influx of Na+
  • Rapid influx of Ca2+ and depolarisation
  • Outflux of K+ and repolarisation
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9
Q

What are the phases of an action potential in the SA node? [5 marks]

A
  • Rapid depolarisation (from Na+)
  • Early repolarisation (Na+ channels close)
  • Plateau phase (CICR)
  • Rapid depolarisation (K+ outflux)
  • Resting phase
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10
Q

Where does ventricular contraction occur? [1 mark]

A

At the apex

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11
Q

What does the P wave of an ECG show? [1 mark]

A

Atrial depolarisation and contract

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12
Q

What does the T wave of an ECG show? [1 mark]

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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13
Q

What does the PR segment of an ECG show? [1 mark]

A

Av nodal delay

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14
Q

What does the ST segment of an ECG show? [1 mark]

A

Ventricles contracting and emptying

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15
Q

What does the QRS complex show? [2 marks]

A
  • Ventricular depolarisation

- Atria repolarising simultaneously

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16
Q

What does the TP interval show? [1 mark]

A

Ventricles repolarising and filling

17
Q

Overview of blood flow in the heart [7 marks]

A
  • Vena cava to right atrium
  • Tricuspid valve → right ventricle
  • Pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins → left atrium
  • Biscuspid valve → left ventricle
  • Aortic valve → aorta
18
Q

Overview of chamber & volume changes in the heart [4 marks]

A
  • Ventricular filling and atrial concentration
  • Isovolumetric contraction
  • Ejection
  • Isovolumetric relaxation
19
Q

Left ventricular pressure changes [3 marks]

A
  • Ventricular pressure slightly increases
  • Pressure increases more
  • Ventricular pressure decreases
20
Q

Left ventricular volume change [4 marks]

A
  • Filling ventricle contraction of atria
  • No volume change (isovolumetric contraction)
  • Blood ejected
  • No volume change (isovolumetric relaxation)
21
Q

Formula for work done [3 marks]

A

Work = changes in ventricle pressure × changes in volume

22
Q

Right atrial cycle and jugular venous pressure changes [4 marks]

A
  • Atrium contracting (increase in pressure)
  • Atrium relaxing (pressure decrease)
  • Atrium refills (increase in pressure)
  • Atrium empties (decrease in pressure)
23
Q

What happens to the pressure of the heart in congestive heart disease and to the jugular vein? [2 marks]

A
  • Pressure on the right side of the heart is too large

- Jugular vein bulges out

24
Q

What is the S1 (lub) sound? [2 marks]

A
  • Closure of tricuspid/mitral values at beginning of ventricular systole.
  • Can be felt when taking a pulse at the same time as hearing the heart.
25
Q

What is the S2 (dub) sound? [1 mark]

A

Closure of aortic/pulmonary valves (semilunar valves) at end of ventricular systole.

26
Q

What is the S3 (swoosh) sound [3 marks]

A
  • Occasional
  • Turbulent blood flow into ventricles, detected near end of first 1/3 diastole
  • Especially in older people
27
Q

What is the S4 sound? [2 marks]

A
  • Extra sound before lub dub

- Forceful atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle

Physiology 1 (13 decks)

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