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AEU (CLB) > Intro to the Alimentary System > Flashcards

Intro to the Alimentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Name all of the main parts of the GIT

A

Headgut = mouth, pharynx, oesophagus
Foregut = stomach
Midgut = duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Hindgut = Caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum

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2
Q

What are the associated glandular organs of the alimentary system?

A

Salivary glands (headgut)
Liver, gall bladder, pancreas (foregut)

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3
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the alimentary system?

A

1) Motility
2) Digestion
3) Secretion
4) Absorption
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4
Q

Define motility in relation to the GI tract

A

Motility = the movements of the alimentary system that mix and circulate its contents and propels it along its length.

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5
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the GI tract components?

A

Mucosa.
Submucosa (with glands)
Muscularis externa
Serosa / Adventitia

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6
Q

What is the function of the circular and longitudinal muscle in the GI tract?

A

Circular muscle contractions control the size of the lumen
Longitudinal muscle contractions control the length of the GI tract

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7
Q

Where can the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus be found?

A

Myenteric found within the longitudinal muscle
Submucosal found within the submucosa

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8
Q

Where do prehension and mastication occur?

A

In the headgut

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9
Q

What type of epithelia can be found in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

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10
Q

What are the 4 key salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Mandibular
Sublingual
Zygomatic

Please Make Singing Zapzoomers

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11
Q

What type of stomach do dogs and cats have?

A

Simple

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12
Q

What type of stomach do dogs and cats have?

A

Simple stomach

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13
Q

What are the 4 regions of a simple stomach?

A

Cardiac region
Fundus
Body
Pyloric region

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14
Q

What type of stomach do horses and pigs have?

A

Composite simple stomach

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15
Q

What type of stomach is found in ruminants?

A

Complex composite stomach

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16
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach?

A

Reticulum
Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum

(Only the abomasum has glandular mucosa)

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17
Q

What is the name of the sphincter at the top and the bottom of the stomach?

A

Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter

18
Q

What is the basic function of each of the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach?

A

Reticulum: Filters food from the rumen, collects smaller digested particles
Rumen: Stores food prior to chewing. Cellulose broken down by microorganisms
Omasum: Water and salts absorbed.
Abomasum: Digestive enzymes and acid are added

19
Q

What are rugae?

A

Gastric folds in the lining of the stomach

20
Q

What is the importance of cardiac and pyloric glands in the stomach?

A

Cardiac and pyloric glands produce mucous which acts as a protective barrier against gastric juices

21
Q

What do parietal cells and chief cells produce and where are they found?

A

Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid
Chief cells produce pepsinogen
They are both found in the fundic region of the stomach.

22
Q

What is special about the internal lining of the reticulum?

A

Honeycomb texture to increase SA

23
Q

What is the purpose of the oesophageal groove in calves?

A

Oesophageal groove closes during suckling to ensure milk goes straight into the abomasum and not into the rumen (it will otherwise sit in the rumen and ferment/ sour)

24
Q

What is the exocrine function of the liver?

A

Exocrine product = bile

25
Q

What is the role of the endocrine substances produced by the liver?

A

To aid in metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins

26
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A

Glycogen

27
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands secrete products through ducts and not directly into the bloodstream

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood.

28
Q

Biotransformation also occurs in the liver - what does this mean?

A

The transformation of a potentially harmful product, such as a drug, into a non-harmful product.

29
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

To store bile (which emulsifies fats)

30
Q

Why do horses and small rodents not ave a gall bladder?

A

Because they continuously make and use bile, so don’t need to store it.

31
Q

What are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine = produces pancreatic juices
Endocrine = produces insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

32
Q

Where do pancreas ducts open into?

A

The small intestine

33
Q

How is the mucosal surface area increased in the small intestine?

A

By plicae circulares and villi

34
Q

What is the brush border in the small intestine?

A

A border formed by the microvilli of the columnar epithelial cells that make up the villi

35
Q

What are crypts and what do they contain?

A

Crypts are the invaginations of epithelium at the base of the villi crypts. They contain glands that secrete intestinal juices (mucus, peptides, proteins)

36
Q

What are Peyer’s patches and what do they do?

A

Lymph node aggregations which prevent infection entering the small intestine

37
Q

What is the difference in fermenting location between horses and small mammals VS ruminants?

A

Horses and small mammals are hindgut fermenters, whereas ruminants are foregut fermenters

38
Q

What is not present in the colon?

A

Villi

39
Q

What is the longest part of the small intestine?

A

The jejunum

40
Q

What is the ileocolic orfice?

A

The joint between the lumen of the ileum and the ascending colon

AEU (CLB) (11 decks)

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