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Intro to Terrorism > Intro to Terrorism Midterm Review > Flashcards

Intro to Terrorism Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is Terrorism?

A

A form of political violence in which the terrorists have specific objectives that they are attempting to achieve and have chosen symbolic targets to draw attention to their cause.

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2
Q

What demographic composes the majority of terrorism perpetrators in the US?

A

White citizens with little to no college education, often with military or militia affiliations.

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3
Q

How does terrorism end?

A
  • The issue dies
  • The organization compromises and becomes a recognized political player
  • The organization is threatened/killed
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4
Q

What is the point of terrorism?

A

To Terrorize

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5
Q

Who popularized the term “terrorism”?

A

Robespierre’s Great Terror (Reign of Terrorism)
- Ordered mass executions after the French Revolution

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6
Q

What did Robespierre think about terrorism?

A

“Virtue, without which terror is fatal; terror, which without virtue is powerless…”
- Positive connotation of being always done for a just cause

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7
Q

What did Walter Laqueur write about terrorism?

A

The indiscriminate use of the term “terrorism” inflates statistics, making understanding its specific character and how to cope with it more difficult.

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8
Q

What are the problems with defining terrorism?

A

Definitions of terrorism are altered to reflect the mission and desires of various organizations, governmental agencies, and nations.

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9
Q

What is the dictionary definition of terrorism?

A

The unlawful use or threat of violence, especially against the state or the public as a politically motivated means of attack or coercion.

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10
Q

What does “international terrorism” refer to?

A

Violent acts/acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State… and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.

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11
Q

Terrorists are what…?

A

Purpose driven
Deliberate
Committed to a cause
Oriented to a group
Disciplined
Trained
Target or attack oriented

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12
Q

Common Criminals are what…?

A

Personally motivated
Opportunistic
Uncommitted
Self-Centered
Undisciplined
Untrained
Escape Oriented

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13
Q

What determines the ‘type’ of terrorism?

A
  • The goal and home of the attacker
  • The target
  • the intent of the attackers
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14
Q

What are FTOs?

A

Foreign Terrorist Organizations - Designated by the Secretary of State

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15
Q

What is State Sponsored Terrorism?

A

Terrorism “from above” committed by government against perceived enemies.
- Refers to hostile actions outside of the context of a declared war

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16
Q

What are the four countries designated as “state sponsors of terrorism”?

A

Cuba, North Korea, Iran, and Syria

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17
Q

What is Dissident Terrorism?

A

(AKA Vigilante/Homegrown Terrorism)

Terrorism “from below” committed by non-state movements and groups.

Actions are taken against ethno-national groups, religious groups, governments, and other perceived enemies.

Actors and victims are from the same country.

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18
Q

What is Nativism?

A

The combining of xenophobia and the belief of one’s homeland being superior to those “foreign, strange, or subversive.”

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19
Q

What is International Terrorism?

A

Terrorist acts directed by foreign groups who transcend national boundaries.

Terrorism practiced in a foreign country by those who are not native to that country (but are of the same nationality).

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20
Q

What is Transnational Terrorism?

A
  • Involves groups or individuals whose terrorist activities cross international borders

AND

  • Targeted countries are not represented in the make-up of the group
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21
Q

What is Religious Terrorism?

A

Terrorism motivated by an absolute belief that an other worldly power has sanctioned and commanded the application of terrorist violence for the greater glory of faith.

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22
Q

What was the first terrorist organization?

A

The Jewish Sicarii

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23
Q

What is the meaning of Sharia?

A

“Path to the Watering Place”

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24
Q

What would Al-Qaeda be classified as?

A

Religious, Transnational

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25
Q

What events inspired the OKC Bombing?

A

Ruby Ridge + WACO

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26
Q

Where was the Muslim Brotherhood founded?

A

Egypt

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27
Q

What is a Punctuated Event?

A

A high profile, notable event that results in significant changes.

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28
Q

What are some examples of punctuated events?

A

9/11, OKC, Mumbai Bombings, etc.

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29
Q

What defines a terrorist actor?

A

Having the intent to bring violence into play, and the capability to carry out the attack

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30
Q

What are ideological supporters of terrorism?

A
  • Hold beliefs and views that align with the terrorist organization.
  • Do not always agree exactly, but repeat the official message of the terror organization.
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31
Q

What are financial supporters of terrorism?

A
  • Those who provide money through direct contributions, fundraisers, or purchases.
  • Possible for donors to not be aware their money is supporting a terror organization.
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32
Q

What is the primary difference between Logistical/Material supporters and financial supporters of terrorism?

A

Logistical/Material supporters KNOW they are directly supporting the organization, while financial supporters may just be supporting a shell front

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33
Q

What are Targeted/Primary Victims?

A

Anyone who is killed or wounded in the event

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34
Q

What are Indirect Victims?

A

Family and communities of those impacted by the event.

35
Q

What are secondary victims?

A

Responders and other personnel who deal with the event.

36
Q

What are Global Victims?

A

Those in the global community impacted by the horror of a terror event. Amplified by modern social and traditional media.

37
Q

What are Economic Victims?

A

Individuals, organizations, and governments who experience financial loss due to the attack.

38
Q

What are “The Interpreters” of terrorism?

A

People who explain the who, what, when, where, why, and how of an attack.

The media are the strongest interpreters and have reputations for the types of interpretations they make.

39
Q

What are “Author and Academic” interpreters of terrorism?

A

Those who educate in the long form through books, articles, lectures, and educational platforms.

40
Q

What are “Armchair Generals”?

A

Experts in a given area who lend their perspective to an event.

  • Someone with credentials and real world experience who’s opinion will be respected
41
Q

How do Policy Makers and Politicians act as “interpreters” for terrorism?

A

They use terrorism to their advantage to amplify political positions and make changes to programs and guidelines.

42
Q

What are facilitators of terrorism?

A

People, systems, or organizations that serve as communication pathways and hubs for delivering information.

  • Ex. Social Media, This class
43
Q

In which terror attack did the terrorist call and warn people that it would happen?

A

‘96 Manchester Bombing by the IRA

44
Q

Have terrorist organizations and networks increased or decreased in size?

A

Terrorist organizations are/were getting smaller.

45
Q

What are the two periods of terror group evolution?

A

1985-2011 (Small localized groups with near enemy)

2011 Onward (Rise of Super Groups such as ISIS, AQIM, AQAP, Boko Haram)

46
Q

What is Ideology?

A

Systematic body of concepts, ideas, and manner of thinking that is characteristic of an individual, group, or culture.

  • Ideology is a movement… do not simply define, they inspire.
47
Q

Who are modern terrorist organizations serving? How does that compare to organizations in the 70s and 80s?

A

70s/80s - Terrorist groups ‘served’ a group or society

Today- Terrorist groups serve themselves and a nebulous ‘elite’. Almost apocalyptic in design.

48
Q

How do Terrorist Constituents evolve?

A

Evolves from a focus on a constituency from which support and volunteers can be recruited. Act as “Champions” for the people.

Evolve into “Elites” who identify as “true believers” and disdain those who do not agree. Narrow appeal.

49
Q

How have the scope, tactics, and targets of terrorists changed in the last thirty years?

A

Moving away from small, sure attacks (low risk, low reward) to prominent, high profile attacks with greater risk of failure (high risk, high reward)

  • Less risk averse + understand power of large, terrifying events
50
Q

What was Operation Enduring Freedom?

A

The American-led International effort to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and destroy Osama Bin Laden’s terror network based there.

51
Q

What was the official purpose of the US Iraq invasion?

A

To remove any threat posed by Iraq’s presumed arsenal of WMDs.

52
Q

What is al-Qaeda translated as?

A

“The base”

53
Q

What is al-Qaeda?

A

Transnational Islamic terrorist organization that wants to establish a global caliphate

54
Q

What were the results of the 2004 Madrid Train Bombings?

A

Spain withdraws troops from Iraq

Imminent Spanish elections are influenced.

55
Q

What are methods of terrorism mitigation?

A
  • Having elections
  • Providing a legitimate voice to an organizational perspective
  • reducing the environmental conditions contributing to a sense of oppression
  • education and political choice
56
Q

What is the Eternal Debate?

A

Politics vs Ideology

57
Q

What is “ideologically pure”?

A

Considering oneself outside/not a part of the mainstream society

58
Q

What is the Coercion Hypotheses?

A

Terrorists seek to inflict some measure of pain in order to force policies sympathetic to the terrorist cause

59
Q

What is the Goading Coercion Hypothesis?

A

Attacks are actually calculated to push the US further into the Muslim region.

Makes the terror group look more like a victim.

60
Q

What is Rally Hypothesis?

A

Terror attacks are designed to attract recruits and supporters to their cause by demonstrating a capability to hit targets.

61
Q

What is Damage Hypothesis?

A

Terror attacks weaken the economy of the target country/location and make it harder for them to focus on anti-terror agendas.

62
Q

What is Franchise Hypothesis?

A

The focus and the actors are local/regional - not global. Are influenced by a larger organization but may never have direct contact with organizational leaders.

63
Q

What are the Characteristics of Extremist Beliefs?

A

Intolerance
Moral Absolutes
Broad Conclusions
New language that supports a particular belief system

64
Q

What are examples of extremist belief organizations?

A

Eco/Animal Terrorists
Soveriegn Citizens Movement
Anarchists
Anti-Government Movements

65
Q

What is Narcissistic Rage Theory?

A

Present in all individuals, but combined with a need for control over a perceived archaic environment, can become violent.

66
Q

What is the NYPD/FBI Model of Radicalization to Terrorism?

A

Pre-Radicalization
Self-Identification
Indoctrination/Adoption
Jihadization

67
Q

What are Nuemann’s Three Elements of Radicalization?

A

Grievance
Ideology/Narrative
Mobilization

68
Q

What is the SIP?

A

Strategic Implementation Plan for Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States

69
Q

What are the SIP’s three core areas of activity?

A
  1. Enhancing engagement with and support to local communities that may be targeted by violent extremists.
  2. Building government and law enforcement expertise for preventing violent extremism.
  3. Countering violent extremist propaganda while promoting US ideals.
70
Q

What are the four key obstacles of interacting with American Muslim communities?

A

Distrust between Arab communities and law enforcement.
Lack of cultural awareness among LEOS.
Language barriers.
Concerns about immigration status and fear of deportation.

71
Q

What must be present for a terror attack to be successful?

A

Motive, Opportunity, Means

72
Q

What are Hard Targets?

A

Targets that know they are targets

ex. Nuclear power plants, Capitol building, Senior Corporate executive, POTUS, etc.

73
Q

What are Soft Targets?

A

Have less/no security than hard targets, or may have open access to the public.

ex. Malls, classroom, most individuals, hospitals

74
Q

What is CBRNE(T)?

A

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive, and Technical

75
Q

What differentiates an adversary from a threat?

A

Adversaries possess intent but not capability.

Threats possess intent and capability.

76
Q

What is Nuclear fission?

A

Splitting the nucleus of an atom into two smaller fragments with a neutron.

77
Q

What is Nuclear fusion?

A

Bringing two smaller atoms together to form a larger one.

78
Q

What is an RDD?

A

Radiological Dispersal Device (Dirty Bomb)

79
Q

What do RDDs do?

A

Disperse radioactive material as a contaminant from a conventional explosive.

80
Q

What are the various classifications of chemical agent?

A
  • Neurotoxins (Nerve Agent).
  • Chemical asphyxiates (blood agent)
  • Respiratory irritants (choking agents)
  • Skin irritants (blister agents)
  • Antipersonnel agent (riot control agents)
81
Q

What makes something a bioweapon?

A
  1. Be within the economic and technical means of the user
  2. Must be capable of reaching the intended target
  3. Causes little collateral damage
  4. Results in the desired outcome.
82
Q

What are the types of biological weapons?

A

Bacterial Agents
Viral Agents
Biological Toxins

83
Q

What are the steps the CDC takes to establish a bioweapon attack?

A
  1. Identify an outbkrea
  2. Verify the diagnosis
  3. Establish a case definition
  4. Identify and count cases
  5. Describe epidemiology
  6. Develop a hypothesis

Intro to Terrorism (4 decks)

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