Corrections Compilation Brainscape Flashcards
What theory functioned to expand and solidify the rationale of decentralization efforts?
Labeling theory
What does labeling theory argue?
Interaction with the CJS can create, intensify, and perpetuate criminal behavior.
What is idea behind labeling theory?
The CJS labels and stigmatizes offenders, giving them criminal associations that make them more likely to become career criminals.
When was labeling theory popularized?
1960s and 70s.
What are the fundamental assumptions of Labeling Theory?
- Agencies of social control type and categorize people according to race, class, and demeanor, and then focus attention on them.
- Through this process of differential selection, these agencies can unintentionally, or unwittingly create, intensify, or perpetuate secondary deviance.
What book did Frank Tannenbaum write?
Crime in Community (1938)
What idea did Frank Tannenbaum create (and is the main focus of “Crime in Community” (1938)?
Dramatization of Evil
What is “Dramatization of Evil”?
Theory that states that all youth engage in youthful misbehavior which results in interaction with the CJS, leading to the youth seeing themselves as “labeled”.
What initiates the “Dramatization of Evil”?
Responses to acts of normal, youthful misbehavior.
What are the consequences of the “Dramatization of Evil”?
Youth entering the CJS are subjected to ‘forced companionship’ with other similarly defined children, resulting in a ‘new set of experiences that lead directly to a criminal career’.
What was Tannenbaum’s proposed solution to the “Dramatization of Evil”?
“A refusal to dramatize the evils.”
We should use decentralization and other community based programs to avoid labeling and the introduction of the CJS.
What book did Edwin Lemert write?
Social Pathology (1951)
What were Edwin Lemert’s theories in ‘Social Pathology’?
Primary and Secondary Deviance
What were the Edwin Lemert’s theories of Primary and Secondary Deviance?
- Primary Deviance - Refers to the range of deviant or criminal acts committed for a variety of situational or personal reasons.
- Secondary Deviance - Occurs when the actor no longer detaches their deviant behavior from their identity.
Society in the 1960’s focused their attention from _____ to _____?
‘The Offender’ to ‘Societal Reaction’
What caused labeling theory to take hold in the 1960’s?
- Social upheaval
- Turbulence
- Riots
- War
- Questioning of American Institutions
What was Lyndon B. Johnson’s idea to combat rising crime rate (1963-1969)?
- Use science to try and solve the rising crime rates.
- Put together a group of leading criminologists and scientists and enacted a series of presidential crime commissions
What was the policy that emerged from labeling theory?
- Reduced CJS intervention.
- Young Offenders should be diverted from CJS whenever possible.
- All offenders are to be dealt with in ways that keep them out of reformatories and prisons.
Where were the findings of the presidential commission published?
200 Recommendations were published in “The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society”
What were the findings of the Presidential Crime Commission?
- CJS was NOT effective and was doing more harm than good.
- Arresting, labeling, and incarcerating people was intensifying crime rather than reducing it.
What did the Presidential Crime Commission suggest to make the CJS more effective?
Decentralization
- The 3 D’s: Diversion, Decriminalization, Deinstitutionalization
What were The 3 Ds?
- Diversion: Minimize contact withe the CJS
- Decriminalization: Rethink the laws
- Deinstitutionalization: Discharge (a long term inmate) from an institution, replacing long term stays at pyschiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services.
How did Pres. Johnson go about accomplishing decentralization?
Passing:
- The Safe Streets Act
- The Omnibus Crime Bill
What was the Safe Streets Act?
Nation-wide implementation of decentralization.
What is LEAA?
- The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
- Created by the Omnibus Crime Bill
Before the 60s, what was the belief concerning the CJS? How did the 60s change that?
- The CJS operated with disinterested professionalism (the system did its job the way it was supposed to)
- The 60s made people more critical of the CJS and more aware of what was actually going on.
What did Blomberg publish?
“Critical law and Action” (Dissertation)
What is “Critical Law and Action” about?
Agency goal displacement
What did diversion start with?
- LEAA
- Juvenile diversion programs (individual, family, and group services)
What were the negative effects of diversion?
- Contributed to overcrowding (net-widening)
- Disrupted families
- Drew kids and parents into the CJS that shouldn’t have been there
What are the 3 types of diversion?
- Legal - Formal/Informal, administered by CJS
- Paralegal - Operated outside of CJS but run by CJS
- Nonlegal - Client-focused, voluntary
What did Blomber’s study on North County focus on?
The efficacy of the diversion program they created.
What were the four major components of North County’s diversion program?
- Youth House
- Drug Abuse unit
- Community Outreach centers
- Family Intervention Unit (major component)
What was the North County Youth House?
Intended as an alternative to juvenile detention. When family disputes couldn’t be resolved, kids would live here.
- In the neighborhood of the children, allowed them to still go to public schools.
What was the North County Drug abuse unit?
Primary function: education regarding drug abuse.
Would help call-ins with referrals to specialists.
What were the North County Community outreach centers?
Targeted for high crime areas
- provided all kinds of services
- Police would issue a citation for youths to appear at the center; would have no crim. record.
- Most referrals were just kids coming to play games and seek counseling.
What was the North County Family Intervention unit?
Conjoint family therapy.
What does net widening refer to?
Previously documented outcomes of penal reform alternatives being implemented as supplements, thereby increasing the overall proportion of the base population subject to some form of correctional control.
What are the negatives shown via net widening?
Youths released without any form of program services were found less likely to recidivate.
What initiated the second wave of the decentralization movement?
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974
What was the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act?
Called for the termination of juvenile detention and correctional institutions for juveniles who committed acts that would not be criminal if committed by adults.
What did the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 do?
Established the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) within LEAA.
What was the first community program to be replicated?
The Des Moines Community-based corrections program
When did Congress dissolve LEEA?
1988
What was the goal of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)?
- Reduce the use of secure confinement.
- Encourage the development of community treatment alternatives for status offenders.
What form of criminology does FSU focus on/use today?
Translational criminology
What is translational criminology?
- Taking research and using it to change things for the better/change policies, etc.
- Expands criminology’s traditional scientific purpose on causality to the dimension of applied
– From one goal to two goals (dual focus between causality and evidence-based policy)
What are two examples of translational criminology within FSU’s criminology department?
- Juvenile Justice Educational Enhancement Program (JJEEP) by Blomberg and Pesta
- Financial Exploitation of Older Adults (65+) by Julie Brancale
What was the purpose of the Juvenile Justice Educational Enhancement Program (JJEEP) and what did they do?
- Went into Florida’s commitment institutions and detention centers and assessed their education programs.
- Wanted to look at best practice standards to see consistency b/w practices and standards
- Would help work to overcome deficiencies if present
- Tracked kids + educational achievement while incarcerated and following juvie release
What were the findings of the Juvenile Justice Educational Enhancement Program (JJEEP)?
When kids’ achievements increase, the recidivism rate drops significantly.
Teachers need to provide individualized instruction/education.
What were the Des Moines 4 graduated components?
- Release on Recognizance
- Supervised Release (pretrial release)
- Intensive Probation
- Residential Facility Services (Work release centers)
What was the “New Day” that Ronald Reagan wished to implement?
Reduce government, taxes, business regulation, and reduce/eliminate welfare, all while increasing the military budget.
What was the “Get Tough Movement”?
Notions of retribution, deterrence, and incapacitation. (Ineffective)
What were the two sides of the “Get Tough movement”?
Liberals - Accepted the demise of rehab because if punishment could not be effective, it could at least be fair
Conservatives - Worked to ensure criminals wouldn’t be coddled and victims would be protected
What is rational choice theory?
Assumes criminals are opportunistic actors capable of calculating the consequences of their behavior
What is routine activities theory (Cohen and Felson, 1979)?
Crime is an event precipitated by the presence of three factors:
- Freely motivated offenders
- Suitable targets
- Absence of capable guardians or persona or property
During the war on drugs, Reagan placed a _____ law despite crime trends _______ b/w 1973 and 1982
Zero Tolerance, Remaining Stable
What was the dominant philosophy for sentencing and punishment during the “War on Crime”?
- Retribution
- Justice for victims
- “Just Desserts”
What was the common belief of the 80s?
Decentralization didn’t work; we need to reverse course.
- Need for radical change
What were the characteristics of the economy/families in the 80s?
- “Greed is good” life philosophy
- Material goods were popular and purchased even by those who couldn’t afford them.
- Average American household had more than $11,500 in debt.
What were Reagan and Bush’s War on Crime like?
- Extensive, expensive, and punitive
- Death penalty embraced
- “If we have enough punishment and incarceration, crime will reduce”
What did the “Get Tough” era include?
- War on Drugs
- Parole abolition
- Mandatory minimums
- Habitual offender statutes
- Indeterminate punishment
- Truth in sentencing
- 3 Strike Laws
- Expanded use of Capitol punishment
What did the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act do?
- Abolishes parole in federal systems - Authorized replacing the existing indeterminate sentencing structure with a guidelines-prescribed determinate sentencing structure (requiring a harsher and larger sentence).
What were the characteristics of the 80s?
- Middle of Vietnam War
- Iran Hostage Crisis
- 3 Mile Island Nuclear Accident
- High Unemployment
- High Inflation
- Grim times/little to no optimism
Who was the agent of change in the 1980s?
Ronald Reagan
What did Ronald Reagan want to do concerning crime in the 1980s?
- Zero tolerance policy/tough on crime
- Reduce gov’t size
- Reduce taxes
- Reduce business regulation
- Greater privatization (explosion of private prison and policing)
- Reduction or elimination of welfare
- Increase military might
What was the crime rate between 1973-1983?
Remained stable, including the murder rate.
What were the competing rehabilitation ideologies in the early 1980s?
- Nothing works
- Everything works to some degree
- Some things work for some people
What were the consequences of the public obsession with “Law and Order” punishment?
- Higher focus on low-level drug dealers and street criminals
- Everything (Jail[199%], Probation [165%], etc.) increased significantly
- Unprecedented net-widening (Due to ideology, not crime epidemic)
- Cost of everything became critical
What was the state of the social classes in the 1990s?
- More than 100,000 multi-millionaires
- The number of billionaires increased significantly
- Poor getting poorer
- Rich getting richer
What was the solution to increasing correctional costs during the 80s?
Intermediate punishments
What are intermediate punishments?
A dual system of probation and prison
ex. home confinement, electronic monitoring, boot camps, intensive supervision probation
What two ideas emerged in the 90s regarding sentencing and laws?
- Truth in Sentencing: Inmate should serve 85% of the maximum sentence that is imposed initially
- 3-Strike laws: Life w/out possibility of parole after a third felony conviction
What happened in 2000 in Criminology?
- Evidence-based policy movement
- American Society of Criminology
What is the American Society of Criminology?
- Created in 2000
- Joined ranks with the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
- Lobbied Congress to take steps to embrace evidence-based reforms
- Said by many to be a turning point
What is the concept of “post-modern society”?
A concept used to explain contemporary society, implies a break from the modern era.
What are the characteristics of the 1990s-2000s?
- Push toward integration
- Theories: Life course, bio-social, Nurture
- Rise of SUPERMAX prison and sex offenders
- Became more concerned with offender re-entry
What is the age/crime curve?
Arrest rates for violent offenses spike before age 24 and then decline
- Prisons were built for young male offenders
- More than half of the people in prisons are ages 18-27
What challenges do women in prisons bring?
- Motherhood
- Pregnancy
- Existing Children (Custody issues)
- Transmission of HIV to Baby
- Drug withdrawal effects to baby
What is the biggest criticism of female prisons and why?
- Treatment of pregnant inmates
- They do not have 24/7 doctor, dietary, maternity clothes, or prenatal classes.
What are the concerns regarding children of incarcerated parents?
- Questions reading having LEGAL custody of the child
- Visitation can put a burden on the prison
- Possible collateral consequences
- How will it affect the upbringing of the child?
- Will it be detrimental to their mental health?
What are the concerns regarding the incarcerated elderly population?
- Fastest growing segment
- Facing long sentences
- Becomes very expensive (medication costs, declining health)
Who does compassionate release apply to?
Those who have 6 months or less to live
What has become an alternative to compassionate release?
Hospice Care
What is Transinstitutionalization?
The purported interdependent relationship b/w mental hospitals and prisons.
What is the framework of correctional organizations?
- Formal organizations w/ bureaucratic characteristics
- Came about due to organizational transformation
- Operate under conditions of conflicting goals (treatment, control, or punish)
What are the characteristics of correctional organizations?
- Resource scarcity, not enough time/money/info, open system
What is the result of correctional organizations?
Operational Uncertainty
- Predisposed to implement various reforms that you think will reduce your uncertainty
- Causes you to worry about your phenomenon
What type of society do we now live in?
Carceral Society (Translational criminology, evidence first, democratic society)
