Intro to Spine Flashcards
Three Rs
Reproducible sign
Region of origin
Reactivity level
What is in the active ROM?
active movement
open packed
active movement
What is at the end of the physiological ROM?
joint play
sprain
What is at the end of the anatomical ROM?
dislocation
Firing of articular Mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors
Firing of cutaneous and muscular receptors
Altered nociception
Neurophysiological
Stretching of joint restrictions
Breaking of adhesions
Altered positional relationships
Diminish/eliminate barriers to normal motion
Mechanical
Confidence gained through improvement
Positive effects from manual contact
Response to joint sounds
Psychological
Three sub-systems that contribute to stability in the spine:
passive system
active system
central nervous system
Passive system
anatomical structures contributing to stability
Active system
muscles, source of active stiffness
Central Nervous system:
feed forward (anticipatory) and feedback (reflex control)
Neutral Zone (of spine):
region of laxity around the neutral resting position of a spinal segment
position of the segment in which Minimal loading is occurring in the passive structures and active structures
How many total vertebrae are in the spine?
29
How many sacral vertebrae?
5
How many coccygeal vertebrae?
4
What are the three separate joints in a vertebral motion segment?
2 facets and the IVD and the vertebral bodies
How many pairs of facet joints are in the spine?
24 pairs
Why type of joint are the facet joints?
planar
In the upper cervical spine the facets are orientated in what alignment?
horizontal in upper segments
In the lower cervical spine the facets change to what position?
45 d in lower cervical
Z joints/Uncovertebral joints: are made up by what anatomical process?
Uncinate process
What covers articular surfaces?
hyaline cartilage
What role does the meniscoid serve?
They fill space during joint displacement and they actively assist in the dispersal of synovial fluid
How is the cervical spine aligned?
relatively horizontally (promotes rotation)
How is the lower cervical spine aligned?
45 degree angle (side bending and rotation)
How is thoracic spine aligned?
vertically anterior to posteriorly
How is lumbar spine aligned?
vertically but in a medial-lateral
What variables affect the motion at the spine?
Disc-vertebral height ratio Compliance of the fibrocartilage Dimension/Shape of the adjacent vertebral end plates Age Disease Gender
Coupling:
Two or more individual motions are coupled when one motion is always accompanied by another motion
Coupling in UCS:
opposite
Coupling in LCS:
same side
Fryette’s First Law
When any part of the spine is in a neutral position the side-bending of the vertebra will be to the opposite side as the rotation of the spine
Translation: when you’re standing in neutral position and you side-bend to the Right…your spine will Rotate to the left (opposite side).
Fryette’s Second Law
When any part of the spine is in a position of flexion or hyperextension the side-bending of the vertebra will be to the same side as the rotation of the spine
Translation: when you flex or hyperextend your spine and you side bend to the Right…your spine will Rotate to the Right (same side
Fryette’s Third Law
If motion in one plane is introduced to the spine any motion occurring in another direction is thereby restricted
Translation: If you perform one movement (flexion for example) , their won’t be as much movement in any of the other planes (sidebending for example)
Can’t open
Restriction of Flex/SB/Rot to the opposite side of the pain is termed an opening restriction
Can’t close:
Restriction of Ext/SB/Rot to the same side of the pain is termed a closing restriction
Cervicoencephalic:
cervicocranial
Atlanto-occiptal:
C0-C1
Atlanto-axial
C1-C2
Cervicobrachial
C3-C7
Where does the majority of cervical rotation occur?
Cervicoencephalic region
Flexion-extension of atlanto-occipital region?
15-20
Side flexion of atlanto-occipital region?
10 degrees
Flexion-extension of atlanto-axial region?
10
Side flexion of atlanto-axial region?
5
Rotation of atlanto-axial region?
50 (primary movement)
Symptoms of injury to cervicobrachial region?
neck and/or arm pain headaches restricted ROM paresthesia altered myotomes and dermatomes radicular signs
