Intro to Spine

Question 1

Three Rs

Answer 1

Reproducible sign
Region of origin
Reactivity level

Question 2

What is in the active ROM?

Answer 2

active movement
open packed
active movement

Question 3

What is at the end of the physiological ROM?

Answer 3

joint play

sprain

Question 4

What is at the end of the anatomical ROM?

Answer 4

dislocation

Question 5

Firing of articular Mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors
Firing of cutaneous and muscular receptors
Altered nociception

Answer 5

Neurophysiological

Question 6

Stretching of joint restrictions
Breaking of adhesions
Altered positional relationships
Diminish/eliminate barriers to normal motion

Answer 6

Mechanical

Question 7

Confidence gained through improvement
Positive effects from manual contact
Response to joint sounds

Answer 7

Psychological

Question 8

Three sub-systems that contribute to stability in the spine:

Answer 8

passive system
active system
central nervous system

Question 9

Passive system

Answer 9

anatomical structures contributing to stability

Question 10

Active system

Answer 10

muscles, source of active stiffness

Question 11

Central Nervous system:

Answer 11

feed forward (anticipatory) and feedback (reflex control)

Question 12

Neutral Zone (of spine):

Answer 12

region of laxity around the neutral resting position of a spinal segment
position of the segment in which Minimal loading is occurring in the passive structures and active structures

Question 13

How many total vertebrae are in the spine?

Answer 13

29

Question 14

How many sacral vertebrae?

Answer 14

5

Question 15

How many coccygeal vertebrae?

Answer 15

4

Question 16

What are the three separate joints in a vertebral motion segment?

Answer 16

2 facets and the IVD and the vertebral bodies

Question 17

How many pairs of facet joints are in the spine?

Answer 17

24 pairs

Question 18

Why type of joint are the facet joints?

Answer 18

planar

Question 19

In the upper cervical spine the facets are orientated in what alignment?

Answer 19

horizontal in upper segments

Question 20

In the lower cervical spine the facets change to what position?

Answer 20

45 d in lower cervical

Question 21

Z joints/Uncovertebral joints: are made up by what anatomical process?

Answer 21

Uncinate process

Question 22

What covers articular surfaces?

Answer 22

hyaline cartilage

Question 23

What role does the meniscoid serve?

Answer 23

They fill space during joint displacement and they actively assist in the dispersal of synovial fluid

Question 24

How is the cervical spine aligned?

Answer 24

relatively horizontally (promotes rotation)

Question 25

How is the lower cervical spine aligned?

Answer 25

45 degree angle (side bending and rotation)

Question 26

How is thoracic spine aligned?

Answer 26

vertically anterior to posteriorly

Question 27

How is lumbar spine aligned?

Answer 27

vertically but in a medial-lateral

Question 28

What variables affect the motion at the spine?

Answer 28

``` Disc-vertebral height ratio Compliance of the fibrocartilage Dimension/Shape of the adjacent vertebral end plates Age Disease Gender ```

Question 29

Coupling:

Answer 29

Two or more individual motions are coupled when one motion is always accompanied by another motion

Question 30

Coupling in UCS:

Answer 30

opposite

Question 31

Coupling in LCS:

Answer 31

same side

Question 32

Fryette’s First Law

Answer 32

When any part of the spine is in a neutral position the side-bending of the vertebra will be to the opposite side as the rotation of the spine Translation: when you’re standing in neutral position and you side-bend to the Right…your spine will Rotate to the left (opposite side).

Question 33

Fryette’s Second Law

Answer 33

When any part of the spine is in a position of flexion or hyperextension the side-bending of the vertebra will be to the same side as the rotation of the spine Translation: when you flex or hyperextend your spine and you side bend to the Right…your spine will Rotate to the Right (same side

Question 34

Fryette’s Third Law

Answer 34

If motion in one plane is introduced to the spine any motion occurring in another direction is thereby restricted Translation: If you perform one movement (flexion for example) , their won’t be as much movement in any of the other planes (sidebending for example)

Question 35

Can't open

Answer 35

Restriction of Flex/SB/Rot to the opposite side of the pain is termed an opening restriction

Question 36

Can't close:

Answer 36

Restriction of Ext/SB/Rot to the same side of the pain is termed a closing restriction

Question 37

Cervicoencephalic:

Answer 37

cervicocranial

Question 38

Atlanto-occiptal:

Answer 38

C0-C1

Question 39

Atlanto-axial

Answer 39

C1-C2

Question 40

Cervicobrachial

Answer 40

C3-C7

Question 41

Where does the majority of cervical rotation occur?

Answer 41

Cervicoencephalic region

Question 42

Flexion-extension of atlanto-occipital region?

Answer 42

15-20

Question 43

Side flexion of atlanto-occipital region?

Answer 43

10 degrees

Question 44

Flexion-extension of atlanto-axial region?

Answer 44

10

Question 45

Side flexion of atlanto-axial region?

Answer 45

5

Question 46

Rotation of atlanto-axial region?

Answer 46

50 (primary movement)

Question 47

Symptoms of injury to cervicobrachial region?

Answer 47

``` neck and/or arm pain headaches restricted ROM paresthesia altered myotomes and dermatomes radicular signs ```