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Management of Special Populations > Intro to Running Analysis and Runner's Rehab > Flashcards

Intro to Running Analysis and Runner's Rehab Flashcards

1
Q

Define kinematics

A
  • Describe motion without reference to forces involved
  • Description of the way the parts of the body move in space
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2
Q

Define kinetics

A
  • Describe the forces that cause motion
  • Ground reaction forces
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3
Q

Define cadence

A
  • Steps per minute
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4
Q

Define stride length/gait cycle

A
  • From initial contact of reference limb to initial contact of same reference limb
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5
Q

Difference between walking and running

A
  • Walking: the body vaults over a stiff stance limb
  • Running: the body hops forward onto energy efficient springs
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6
Q

Describe the spring theory for running

A
  • Energy absorbed in 1st half of stance & returned in 2nd half of stance
  • Energy is absorbed & release via muscle-tendon units
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7
Q

Kinematics of running at initial contact

A
  • STJ: 2º inverted
  • Ankle: 0º DF
  • Knee: 10-20º flexed
  • Thigh to vertical: 25º
  • Hip: 30º flexed, 7º anterior pelvic tilt
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8
Q

Muscle activity during running at initial contact

A
  • STJ: Inv/Ev co-contract
  • Ankle: pretibilvas isometric
  • Knee: HS/Quads co-contract
  • Hip: ext/ADD/ABD isometric
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9
Q

Describe a forefoot strike

A
  • Ankle: Plantarflexed: Gastroc preactivated in terminal swing
  • Tibia: Vertical
  • Knee: Increased flexion
  • Hip: Increased hip flexion
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10
Q

Describe rearfoot strike

A
  • Ankle: Dorsiflexed: Anterior tib preactivated in terminal swing
  • Tibia: Less Vertical
  • Knee: Decreased flexion
  • Hip: Decreased hip flexion
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11
Q

Kinematics of running during loading response (after heel strike)

A
  • STJ: 4-6° EV; STJ is Pronating
  • Ankle: 5° PF; Ankle is plantarflexing
  • Knee: 30-42° Flex; Knee is flexing
  • Hip: 20° Flex, 7° Anterior Tilt; Hip is extending and dropping
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12
Q

Muscle activation during running at loading response (after heel strike)

A
  • STJ: Post tib, FDL, FHL, Soleus Eccentric
  • Ankle: Pre-tibials Eccentric
  • Knee: Quads Eccentric; HS Concentric
  • Hip: Sagittal Plane: G. Max Concentric/Hip flexors – Eccentric; Frontal Plane: Hip ABD – Eccentric, Hip ADD Isometric; Transverse Plane: Hip ER/G.Max - Eccentric
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13
Q

Kinematics of running during loading response (after forefoot strike)

A
  • STJ: Pronating
  • Ankle: Dorsiflexes
  • Knee: Flexing
  • Hip: Frontal Plane: Adduction; Transverse Plane: Internal Rotation
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14
Q

Muscle activation during running at loading response (after forefoot strike)

A
  • STJ: Post tib, plantar intrinsics Eccentric
  • Ankle: Gastroc-Soleus Eccentric
  • Knee: Quads Eccentric
  • Hip: Eccentric; Frontal Plane: Glute Med; Transverse Plane: Glute Max, Hip ER
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15
Q

Kinematics of running during midstance

A
  • STJ: 6-8° EV; STJ is at max pronation
  • Ankle: 15-20° DF; Tibia is moving over foot
  • Knee: up to 40° Flex
  • Hip: 0-5° Flex; Frontal Plane – hip drop; Sagittal Plane – hip ext; Transverse Plane – femoral IR
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16
Q

Muscle activation of running during midstance

A
  • STJ: Post tib – Eccentric
  • Ankle: Gastroc-Soleus – Eccentric
  • Knee: momentum from opposite limb in swing
  • Hip: Eccentric; Frontal Plane: hip ABD; Sagittal Plane: hip flexors; Transverse Plane: Glute Max, hip ER
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17
Q

Kinematics of running during terminal stance

A
  • No normative values currently
  • STJ: Resupinating
  • Ankle: Dorsiflexing
  • Knee: Extending
  • Hip: Frontal: Elevating; Sagittal: Extending; Transverse: Backwards rotation
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18
Q

Muscle activation of running during terminal stance

A
  • STJ: Post tib/Ant tib – Concentric
  • Ankle: Gastroc-Soleus – Eccentric
  • Knee: Momentum
  • Hip: Frontal: ABD – Concentric; Sagittal: Hip flexors – Eccentric; Transverse: Hip ER - Concentric
19
Q

Kinematics of running during pre-swing

A
  • STJ: No norms (Inverting)
  • Ankle: 20° PF; Ankle is plantar flexing
  • Knee: 10-20° Flexion; Knee is flexing
  • Hip: 8-11° Extension; Hip is flexing
20
Q

Muscle activation of running during pre-swing

A
  • STJ: Invertors – Concentric
  • Ankle: Gastroc-soleus – Concentric
  • Knee: Knee flexes due to hip flexing
  • Hip: Hip Flexors - Concentric
21
Q

Kinematics of running during initial swing

A
  • STJ: (no norms); inverting
  • Ankle: 22-25° PF
  • Knee: 20-40° Flex
  • Hip: 3-8° Ext
22
Q

Muscle activation of running during initial swing

A
  • STJ: Ant tib – Concentric
  • Ankle: Pretibials – Concentric
  • Knee: Momentum from hip flexion; Rapid knee flexion occurring
  • Hip: Hip flexors – Concentric; Rapid hip flexion
23
Q

Kinematics of running during mid-swing

A
  • STJ: No major activity
  • Ankle: 0° DF (neutral)
  • Knee: 90-110° Flex
  • Hip: 0-10° Flex
24
Q

Muscle activation of running during mid-swing

A
  • STJ: No major activity
  • Ankle: Pretibs – Concentric
  • Knee: Quads – Concentric; Knee is extending
  • Hip: Hip flexors – Concentric; Hip is flexing
25
Q

Heel strikers muscle activation of running during terminal stance

A
  • STJ: Ant-tib – Concentric
  • Ankle: Pretibs – Concentric
  • Knee: Hamstrings – Eccentric
  • Hip: Hip extensors - Eccentric
26
Q

Forefoot strikers muscle activation of running during terminal stance

A
  • STJ: Inversion; Post tib – Concentric
  • Ankle: Plantarflexing; Gastroc-Soleus – Concentric
  • Knee: Flexing; HS – Eccentric
  • Hip: Flexing; Hip extensor - Eccentric
27
Q

Describe running gait as a whole versus walking gait

A
  • Stance phase decreased, swing increased: Double float phase
  • Forces higher and occur quicker
  • Lower extremity strength demands and neuro-motor control higher
  • Shock attenuation more important vs. walking
  • Base of Support more narrow; BOS narrows with increasing speed; Higher strain on ITB
  • Mechanics vary by speed, age, gender, terrain and individual
28
Q

Overuse injuries account for ____% of running injuries

A
  • 90%
29
Q

Risk factors for a running injury

A
  • No prior running experience = 2.5-3x more likely to be injured
  • Mileage exceeding 10 miles per week 3x more likely to be injured
  • Increase in mileage too rapidly – best plan 10% progression per week
  • Sudden change in terrain
  • Not enough rest days – less than 2 per week higher incidence of injury
  • Hx of previous running injury
  • Poor LE biomechanical profile
  • Selection/condition of running shoes
  • Women with low bone density (osteopenia or osteoporosis)
30
Q

Prevalence of running injuries

A
  • Knee 42%: Patellofemoral pain, Iliotibial band syndrome, Infrapatellar pain
  • Foot/Ankle 36%: Plantar fasciosis, Medial tibial stress syndrome, Achilles tendinosis
  • Stress Fracture 20%: Tibia, Metatarsals, Femur
31
Q

Signs and symptoms of patellofemoral pain syndrome “Runners Knee”

A
  • Pain after longer runs
  • Pain after extended periods of sitting
  • Pain with descending hills or stairs
  • Pain with squatting
32
Q

Risk factors for patellofemoral pain syndrome

A
  • Lower extremity biomechanical deficits ie overpronation
  • Weakness in quads or hips – specifically gluteals
  • Females > Males
33
Q

Treatment for patellofemoral pain syndrome

A
  • Avoid running downhill
  • Cross train with cycling (build quads), elliptical or swimming
  • Strengthen gluteals especially hip abductors and deep hip external rotators
  • Shorten stride length to land with slight bend in knee
34
Q

When should you stop running, use caution, or go for patellofemoral pain syndrome

A
  • Stop: Pain on inside/outside of knee upon waking up (>3-4/10) and Pain that doesn’t decrease throughout the day
  • Caution: Minimal pain early in run, can run it off but sore following run (<3/10) and Mild pain with prolonged sitting (<3/10)
  • Go run: Pain free after sitting through a two hour movie and Pain free after a long hilly run
35
Q

Signs and symptoms of achilles tendinitis (osis)

A
  • Tenderness to touch at the back of the heel
  • Swelling at the back of the heel where the tendon meets the bone
  • Pain with heel raises
  • Pain at the heel during and after running
  • Pain in the back of the heel when getting out of bed
36
Q

Risk factors for achilles tendinitis (osis)

A
  • Middle age/older runners due to reduced vascularization of tendon
  • Sudden increases in training
  • Poor calf flexibility
37
Q

Treatment for achilles tendinitis (osis)

A
  • Ice massage/anti-inflammtories during acute stage
  • Eccentric strengthening (following acute stage)
  • Daily calf stretches to improve flexibility (following acute stage)
  • Cross train with pool running, elliptical
38
Q

When should you stop running, use caution, or go for achilles tendinitis (osis)

A
  • Stop: Severe pain and swelling above the back of the heel, despite rest from running and Pain with heel raises (>4/10)
  • Caution: Dull pain following a run that lingers for up to 24 hrs post run but relieved with icing and Mild tenderness to touch the back of the heel
  • Go run: No tenderness to touch the back of the heel and No pain/swelling following running
39
Q

Signs and symptoms of stress fracture

A
  • Localized pain at the shin, foot, groin/front of hip
  • Pain with running that goes away at rest
  • Progresses to persistent pain
40
Q

Risk factors for stress fractures

A
  • Women > Men
  • Low BMI
  • Low bone mass
  • Quickly increasing mileage
  • Poor LE biomechanics
41
Q

Treatment for stress fractures

A
  • Depends on severity and location
  • Moonboot with crutches 4-6 weeks
  • Progressive weight-bearing under guidance of PT/MD
  • Cross train with biking or swimming or pool jogging
42
Q

When should you stop running, use caution, or go for stress fractures

A
  • Stop: Pain increases with running, but then starts to linger with just standing/walking afterward and Get diagnosis via weight-bearing x-ray or tuning fork test
  • Caution: No middle ground with this – if it hurts you need to stop or you will make it worse
  • Go run: Walking without a limp, Pain free standing for prolonged periods, and Pain free walk/jog with no lingering pain following
43
Q
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44
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Management of Special Populations (13 decks)

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