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ICMS > Intro to Ruminant Clin Exam > Flashcards

Intro to Ruminant Clin Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components to the clinical exam?

A

History
Distance exam
Close Exam

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2
Q

What 3 things are important in general history taking?

A

Husbandry system, diet, environment

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3
Q

What factors are included in patient data/signalment in ruminants?

A

species, breed, sex, age/lactation number, reproductive hx

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4
Q

The last calving date in dairy is known as Day …?

A

Day 0

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5
Q

When taking history on a ruminant patient or herd, what factors play into the primary complaint that may be important to know?

A

Type/nature of complaint
Onset
Duration
Progression/response to any txts so far
Other signs/symptoms
Systemic manifestations

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6
Q

What are some general principles of history taking?

A

Avoid complex terminology
Obtain accurate times for signs
Separate observations from interpretation
Ask questions in a logical sequence
Repeat client response for confirmation
Summarize back to the farmer

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7
Q

When do you perform a distance examination?

A

Prior to a close physical exam

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8
Q

What would you look at upon general inspection in a distance exam?

A

Posture & mental status
BCS

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9
Q

What do you look at in a distance exam regarding the head?

A

Symmetry, Eyes, any discharge

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10
Q

What do you look at in a distance exam regarding the neck?

A

Jugular veins, any swellings

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11
Q

What do you look at in a distance exam regarding the thorax?

A

respiration rate, rhythm, character, prolonged phases, depth/effort

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12
Q

What are the normal respiration rates for ruminants? (cow, calf, sheep)

A

Cow: 20-30 resp/min
Calf: 15-40 resp/min
Sheep: 15-35 resp/min

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13
Q

What are 3 other areas that you would view upon a distance exam aside from head, neck, & thx regions?

A

Abdomen: size, contour
Udder
Limbs

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14
Q

Upon close examination of the head, what are important things to look at?

A

MM of eye
Percuss frontal & maxillary sinuses
Open mouth: CRT, ulcers, tongue, breath, tone

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15
Q

Upon close examination of the neck, what factors would you be viewing?

A

Submandibular LN
Any oedema?
Jugular pulse
Skin tent

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16
Q

Upon close examination, What are the main LN’s that you might palpate or examine?

A

Prescapular
Prefemoral
Popliteal

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17
Q

When would you be able to feel the popliteal LN’s in a ruminant?

A

In Caseous lymphadenopathy/ lymphadenitis in sheep

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18
Q

Where can you find the prescapular LN in a ruminant?

A

Go to the point of the shoulder and up about 1 hand’s length

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19
Q

What does the prescapular LN drain?

A

front leg

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20
Q

When might the prescapular LN be enlarged?

A

septic or inflammatory conditions near the front leg

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21
Q

Where are the prefemoral LN’s?

A

point of the stifle and a hand’s length up

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22
Q

What do the prefemoral LN’s drain?

A

abdomen and skin of the abdomen

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23
Q

When might the prefemoral LN’s be enlarged?

A

peritonitis, umbilical abscess/navel ill, intra-abdominal abscess

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24
Q

What is the difference between how you palpate the Prescapular and prefemoral LN’s?

A

Push prescapular LN
Pull prefemoral LN

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25
Q

When you auscultate the heart, what are you listening for?

A

Heart rate, rhythm
Any murmurs
Muffling, fluid sounds

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26
Q

When bradycardia is present in a ruminant, what might it be a sign of?

A

Inappetence, vagal syndrome

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27
Q

When tachycardia is present in a ruminant, what might it be a sign of?

A

toxemia, circulatory failure, pain, excitement

28
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia in cattle?

A

Atrial fibrillation (Afib)

29
Q

What might you hear on auscultation of the heart if endocarditis is present?

A

Murmurs

30
Q

What might you hear on auscultation of the heart if pericarditis is present?

A

muffling, fluid sounds

31
Q

What is the normal heart rate for a ruminant? (sheep, cow, calf)

A

Cow: 60-80 bpm
Calf: 70-100 bpm
Sheep: 60-90 bpm

32
Q

When auscultating the respiratory system, what areas are you listening to?

A

Lungs, trachea, larynx

33
Q

When you auscultate the lungs, what is it important to remember?

A

The lung fields are very small. It runs from the caudal angle of the scapula to the 2nd to last intercostal space down to a point at the elbow

34
Q

What sounds are you listening for in the lungs?

A

Crackles, squeaks, wheezes, tubular sounds

35
Q

If you are suspicious of IBR, what area of the respiratory system might you auscultate?

A

Trachea

36
Q

When might you auscultate the larynx?

A

if you suspect laryngeal chondritis or laryngeal diphtheria

37
Q

What breeds are susceptible to laryngeal chondritis?
Hint: 1 cattle, 1 sheep

A

Belgian blue
Texel sheep

38
Q

What parts make up a close examination of the GIT?

A

Check ruminoreticular motility
Check primary cycle
Check secondary cycle
Percuss auscultation
Rectal exam
Repro exam if indicated

39
Q

Where do you check the ruminoreticular motility?

A

L paralumbar fossa

40
Q

What are you listening for when assessing ruminoreticular motility?

A

Dorsal sac contractions
Should be 3-4 contractions in 2 mins

41
Q

Where do you assess the primary cycle?

A

Place stethoscope over reticulum at the 6th-9th intercostals & place a hand on the left paralumbar fossa

42
Q

How many primary cycles are normal in a ruminant?

A

2-3 cycles in 2 mins

43
Q

How long does biphasic reticular contraction last?

A

2-5 seconds

44
Q

In the secondary cycle, what is absent?

A

Reticular contraction is absent

45
Q

How often does a secondary cycle occur?

A

1 secondary cycle every 2 mins

46
Q

When you percuss, how far away from the stethoscope should your hand be?

A

No more than 10 cm from end of stethoscopeW

47
Q

Where do you ping the LDA & RDA?

A

Under the last 3 ribs

48
Q

Where do you ping the caecum?

A

right paralumbar fossa

49
Q

When you are pinging the abdomen, what are you listening for signs of?

A

LDA, RDA, RVA, Cecal dilation or torsion

50
Q

What are you examining in a rectal exam of ruminants?

A

Temperature - Do this first!
Feces assessment

51
Q

When would you do a repro exam on a ruminant?

A

As indicated

52
Q

If you check the left kidney (dorsal midline), and grunting is present, what might it indicate?

A

pyelonephritis

53
Q

If there is a lack of rectal sweep, what might be indicated?

A

Peritonitis due to perimetritis, ruptured uterus, or a uterine abscess

54
Q

What are normal temp ranges for ruminants (cow, calf, sheep)?

A

Cow: 37.8-39.2 C
Calf: 38.6-39.5 C
Sheep: 38.3-40 C

55
Q

What are you examining when looking at the urogenital system?

A

Palpating the kidney & uterine tract on rectal
Vaginal exam
Encourage urination

56
Q

What are you feeling for upon a vaginal exam in a ruminant?

A

Cervix - is it open or closed? Is there any discharge?

57
Q

What differentials might be on your list if discharge is present upon a vaginal exam?

A

metritis, RFM, endometritis

58
Q

What are ways to obtain urine from a ruminant?

A

rub vulva or catheter

59
Q

What symptoms might you see if cystitis is present?

A

raised tail head, stranguria, pollakiuria

60
Q

What symptoms might you see if pyelonephritis is present?

A

dull, inappetant, pyuria/ hematuria, pain on palpation of the kidney, stranguria

61
Q

What signs might you see if urolithiasis is present?

A

Oliguria, uremia
SQ edematous swelling over the ventrum if urethral rupture has occurred
Distended abdomen & dullness if uroabdomen

62
Q

What factors are examined upon a mammary gland close examination?

A

Palpate for heat, pain, swelling
Draw milk from each teat & assess color & clots

63
Q

Signs of mastitis might include?

A

Heat, pain, swelling of the mammary

64
Q

How would you differentiate types of mastitis?

A

Systemic disturbances

65
Q

When might oedema of the mammary be present?

A

post-calving or w/ cellulitis

66
Q

If indicated, what are two types of exams that could also be performed on ruminants?

A

neurological exam or musculoskeletal exam

ICMS (22 decks)

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