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Intro to Ruminant Clin Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components to the clinical exam?

A

History
Distance exam
Close Exam

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2
Q

What 3 things are important in general history taking?

A

Husbandry system, diet, environment

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3
Q

What factors are included in patient data/signalment in ruminants?

A

species, breed, sex, age/lactation number, reproductive hx

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4
Q

The last calving date in dairy is known as Day …?

A

Day 0

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5
Q

When taking history on a ruminant patient or herd, what factors play into the primary complaint that may be important to know?

A

Type/nature of complaint
Onset
Duration
Progression/response to any txts so far
Other signs/symptoms
Systemic manifestations

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6
Q

What are some general principles of history taking?

A

Avoid complex terminology
Obtain accurate times for signs
Separate observations from interpretation
Ask questions in a logical sequence
Repeat client response for confirmation
Summarize back to the farmer

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7
Q

When do you perform a distance examination?

A

Prior to a close physical exam

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8
Q

What would you look at upon general inspection in a distance exam?

A

Posture & mental status
BCS

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9
Q

What do you look at in a distance exam regarding the head?

A

Symmetry, Eyes, any discharge

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10
Q

What do you look at in a distance exam regarding the neck?

A

Jugular veins, any swellings

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11
Q

What do you look at in a distance exam regarding the thorax?

A

respiration rate, rhythm, character, prolonged phases, depth/effort

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12
Q

What are the normal respiration rates for ruminants? (cow, calf, sheep)

A

Cow: 20-30 resp/min
Calf: 15-40 resp/min
Sheep: 15-35 resp/min

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13
Q

What are 3 other areas that you would view upon a distance exam aside from head, neck, & thx regions?

A

Abdomen: size, contour
Udder
Limbs

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14
Q

Upon close examination of the head, what are important things to look at?

A

MM of eye
Percuss frontal & maxillary sinuses
Open mouth: CRT, ulcers, tongue, breath, tone

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15
Q

Upon close examination of the neck, what factors would you be viewing?

A

Submandibular LN
Any oedema?
Jugular pulse
Skin tent

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16
Q

Upon close examination, What are the main LN’s that you might palpate or examine?

A

Prescapular
Prefemoral
Popliteal

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17
Q

When would you be able to feel the popliteal LN’s in a ruminant?

A

In Caseous lymphadenopathy/ lymphadenitis in sheep

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18
Q

Where can you find the prescapular LN in a ruminant?

A

Go to the point of the shoulder and up about 1 hand’s length

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19
Q

What does the prescapular LN drain?

A

front leg

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20
Q

When might the prescapular LN be enlarged?

A

septic or inflammatory conditions near the front leg

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21
Q

Where are the prefemoral LN’s?

A

point of the stifle and a hand’s length up

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22
Q

What do the prefemoral LN’s drain?

A

abdomen and skin of the abdomen

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23
Q

When might the prefemoral LN’s be enlarged?

A

peritonitis, umbilical abscess/navel ill, intra-abdominal abscess

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24
Q

What is the difference between how you palpate the Prescapular and prefemoral LN’s?

A

Push prescapular LN
Pull prefemoral LN

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25
When you auscultate the heart, what are you listening for?
Heart rate, rhythm Any murmurs Muffling, fluid sounds
26
When bradycardia is present in a ruminant, what might it be a sign of?
Inappetence, vagal syndrome
27
When tachycardia is present in a ruminant, what might it be a sign of?
toxemia, circulatory failure, pain, excitement
28
What is the most common arrhythmia in cattle?
Atrial fibrillation (Afib)
29
What might you hear on auscultation of the heart if endocarditis is present?
Murmurs
30
What might you hear on auscultation of the heart if pericarditis is present?
muffling, fluid sounds
31
What is the normal heart rate for a ruminant? (sheep, cow, calf)
Cow: 60-80 bpm Calf: 70-100 bpm Sheep: 60-90 bpm
32
When auscultating the respiratory system, what areas are you listening to?
Lungs, trachea, larynx
33
When you auscultate the lungs, what is it important to remember?
The lung fields are very small. It runs from the caudal angle of the scapula to the 2nd to last intercostal space down to a point at the elbow
34
What sounds are you listening for in the lungs?
Crackles, squeaks, wheezes, tubular sounds
35
If you are suspicious of IBR, what area of the respiratory system might you auscultate?
Trachea
36
When might you auscultate the larynx?
if you suspect laryngeal chondritis or laryngeal diphtheria
37
What breeds are susceptible to laryngeal chondritis? Hint: 1 cattle, 1 sheep
Belgian blue Texel sheep
38
What parts make up a close examination of the GIT?
Check ruminoreticular motility Check primary cycle Check secondary cycle Percuss auscultation Rectal exam Repro exam if indicated
39
Where do you check the ruminoreticular motility?
L paralumbar fossa
40
What are you listening for when assessing ruminoreticular motility?
Dorsal sac contractions Should be 3-4 contractions in 2 mins
41
Where do you assess the primary cycle?
Place stethoscope over reticulum at the 6th-9th intercostals & place a hand on the left paralumbar fossa
42
How many primary cycles are normal in a ruminant?
2-3 cycles in 2 mins
43
How long does biphasic reticular contraction last?
2-5 seconds
44
In the secondary cycle, what is absent?
Reticular contraction is absent
45
How often does a secondary cycle occur?
1 secondary cycle every 2 mins
46
When you percuss, how far away from the stethoscope should your hand be?
No more than 10 cm from end of stethoscopeW
47
Where do you ping the LDA & RDA?
Under the last 3 ribs
48
Where do you ping the caecum?
right paralumbar fossa
49
When you are pinging the abdomen, what are you listening for signs of?
LDA, RDA, RVA, Cecal dilation or torsion
50
What are you examining in a rectal exam of ruminants?
Temperature - Do this first! Feces assessment
51
When would you do a repro exam on a ruminant?
As indicated
52
If you check the left kidney (dorsal midline), and grunting is present, what might it indicate?
pyelonephritis
53
If there is a lack of rectal sweep, what might be indicated?
Peritonitis due to perimetritis, ruptured uterus, or a uterine abscess
54
What are normal temp ranges for ruminants (cow, calf, sheep)?
Cow: 37.8-39.2 C Calf: 38.6-39.5 C Sheep: 38.3-40 C
55
What are you examining when looking at the urogenital system?
Palpating the kidney & uterine tract on rectal Vaginal exam Encourage urination
56
What are you feeling for upon a vaginal exam in a ruminant?
Cervix - is it open or closed? Is there any discharge?
57
What differentials might be on your list if discharge is present upon a vaginal exam?
metritis, RFM, endometritis
58
What are ways to obtain urine from a ruminant?
rub vulva or catheter
59
What symptoms might you see if cystitis is present?
raised tail head, stranguria, pollakiuria
60
What symptoms might you see if pyelonephritis is present?
dull, inappetant, pyuria/ hematuria, pain on palpation of the kidney, stranguria
61
What signs might you see if urolithiasis is present?
Oliguria, uremia SQ edematous swelling over the ventrum if urethral rupture has occurred Distended abdomen & dullness if uroabdomen
62
What factors are examined upon a mammary gland close examination?
Palpate for heat, pain, swelling Draw milk from each teat & assess color & clots
63
Signs of mastitis might include?
Heat, pain, swelling of the mammary
64
How would you differentiate types of mastitis?
Systemic disturbances
65
When might oedema of the mammary be present?
post-calving or w/ cellulitis
66
If indicated, what are two types of exams that could also be performed on ruminants?
neurological exam or musculoskeletal exam

ICMS (22 decks)

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