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ICMS > Intro to Equine Clinical Exam > Flashcards

Intro to Equine Clinical Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What part of an equine passport should you look at for the examination process? What does it tell you?

A

Section 10 - tells how/if the animal goes into the food chain, which determines treatment/medications that can be performed on the horse

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2
Q

List the items required for an exam of horses

A

stethoscope, watch, thermometer, rectal sleeves & lubrication, twitch as needed, sedation as needed

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3
Q

What are the 3 main things you should look at in your initial observations?

A

Mentation of the horse
BCS
Surroundings/environment

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4
Q

What are common causes of weight loss in horses?

A

nutrition, parasites, dental dz

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5
Q

What are the 2 systems that may be used for BCS scoring?

A

Henneke system: 1-9/9
Carroll & Huntington Method: 0-5/5

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6
Q

When observing the environment of the horse, what might you look for?

A

Feces, blood, urine, discharge
Tracks in the ground

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7
Q

Upon an initial physical, what might you examine?

A

temp, pulse, respiration rate, hydration

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8
Q

What are some causes of febrile disease (fever) in horses?

A

Autoimmune
Neoplasia
Infection
Inflammation

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9
Q

What is the normal temp of a horse & foal?

A

Adult: 37.2-38.3C (99-101F)
Foal: 37.2-39C (99-102)

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10
Q

What are some causes of tachycardia in the horse?

A

Dehydration
Exercise
Stress
Pain
Hypovolemia
Cardiac Dz

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11
Q

When feeling the pulse in a horse, what negative characteristics might you find?

A

Deficits, bounding

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12
Q

How do you feel the pulse in a horse?

A

Use 2 fingers w/ light pressure.
Do NOT use the thumb

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13
Q

Differences in pulses in the feet can show issues w/

A

the leg affected

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14
Q

What is the normal rate of pulse in a horse?

A

36-42 bpm

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15
Q

When assessing hydration status in a horse, what might cause changes of the mucous membrane color or consistency?

A

Cyanotic - poor oxygenation
Pale - poor perfusion
Endotoxemia

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16
Q

What is the normal CRT in a horse?

A

2 secs

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17
Q

When taking a respiration rate, what are some things to remember?

A

Take it from a distance before approaching the horse as your approach will cause stress which will increase RR.

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18
Q

What are items to note when observing respirations?

A

Increased RR/effort
Crackles, squeaks, wheezes
Pleural rub

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19
Q

What is a normal RR for a horse?

A

8-12 breaths/min

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20
Q

What factors are observed on the head in a physical exam?

A

Head
Eyes
Ears & Nostrils
MMs
Sinuses
Musculature

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21
Q

On the face, what might you see if a horse is in pain?

A

holding their eyes closed

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22
Q

What are you looking for when you percuss the sinuses of a horse?

A

To see if there is suspicion of a mass or fluid in the guttural pouch or any other areas of the sinuses

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23
Q

If an abscess in the retropharyngeal LN is present, what differential might you suspect?

A

Strangles

24
Q

If you are able to the jugular fill with no occlusion of the vein, what might this indicate?

A

Cardiovascular dz

25
Q

What valves of the heart are present on the right side of the body?

A

Tricuspid valve

26
Q

What valves of the heart are present on the left side of the horse?

A

mitral, aortic, pulmonary

27
Q

The lung field in horses is…

A

large

28
Q

If you hold a bag to the horse’s face and have it breathe for awhile, taking in CO2, what would you be looking for?

A

Toleration of CO2
Coughing (if present, underlying respiratory dz)
if takes deep breath after removal of bag to listen to lung sounds (multiple people req’d to listen simultaneously)

29
Q

What are the four regions of the GIT?

A

Left and right dorsal abdomen
Left and right ventral abdomen

30
Q

When palpating the skin & musculature, what are you looking for?

A

lumps, bumps
excess fat/thinness, muscle atrophy, etc

31
Q

Palpate all four feet…

A

individually

32
Q

If you are examining a colt or stallion, what additional organ might you observe?

A

Testicles

33
Q

If you are examining a pregnant or lactating mare, what additional organs might you assess?

A

uterus, mammary gland

34
Q

if you are examining a foal, what might you assess?

A

heart, eyes, umbilicus, joints

35
Q

What goes into a cardiovascular workup?

A

Auscultation of the heart - Murmurs? Arrhythmias?
Eval the pulses
Check MM, urine, or for cold extremities
Auscultation of the lungs
ECG, echo

36
Q

What are you looking for in a respiratory system work up?

A

epistaxis
discharge - mucopurulent, purulent, hemorrhage? 1 or both nostrils?
Differentiate between URT & LRT

37
Q

If a horse has an upper respiratory tract disease, what areas of the horse would be expected to be involved? How would you assess these?

A

Nasal passages, sinuses, LN’s, guttural pouches, larynx
Radiography, endoscopy

38
Q

If a horse has a lower respiratory tract disease, what areas of the horse would you expect to be involved? How would you assess these locations?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli, Lung parenchyma, Pleura
Endoscopy, Radiography, Ultrasonography, Bronchoalveolar lavage, transtracheal wash, thoracocentesis

39
Q

What parts of the GIT system are evaluated in an exam?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, peritoneal cavity

40
Q

When doing a neurologic exam, what parts of the body are being assessed?

A

Brain, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, lower motor neurons

41
Q

What do you have to differentiate neuro signs from?

A

lameness, muscle dz, urinary tract dz

42
Q

If lameness or stiffness are present, how might you proceed with testing?

A

lameness workup
Muscle dz workup w/ bloods, Bx

43
Q

The upper urogenital tract consists of which organs?

A

Kidneys, ureters

44
Q

The lower urogenital tract consists of which organs?

A

Bladder, urethra

45
Q

How would you assess the urogenital system?

A

urinalysis, bloods, ultrasound, endoscopy

46
Q

How would you assess the integument?

A

skin scrapes, hair plucks, Bx, wood’s lamp
Measure lumps/bumps
Itchy? Painful?
Localized? spread out?

47
Q

What endocrine organ is affected by Cushing’s? What clinical signs might be evident in a horse?

A

Pituitary
FLUFFY COAT, pot-bellied, slouched back

48
Q

If a horse has insulin resistance, what symptoms might be present? What condition is this known as?

A

Unable to lose weight despite diet/exercise
Equine Metabolic Syndrome

49
Q

How would you assess the haemolymphatic system?

A

Bloods, BM Bx/aspirate

50
Q

When doing an eye examination, what might be assessed?

A

Orbit, Cornea

51
Q

What goes into an exam of the cornea?

A

Bright light to look for pupil dilation
Fluoresceine dye for ulcerations
Schirmer tear test for lacrimation
Rose Bengal dye for fungal

52
Q

What instrument is used to assess the eyes?

A

ophthalmoscope

53
Q

What instruments can be used to assess the ear?

A

otoscope, endoscope, radiographs, CT, MRI

54
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the ear?

A

Outer ear - ear canal
Middle ear - communicats w/ pharynx
Inner ear - w/i petrous temporal bone

55
Q

When evaluating a stallion, what would you assess?

A

Testicle size, shape, symmetry, etc
Infertility/sub-fertility: semen analysis, cytology, culture, ultrasound, Bloods, Bx

56
Q

When evaluating a mare, what would you examine?

A

Mammary gland
reproductive organs
infertility/sub-fertility: culture, cytology, ultrasound, Bx

57
Q

When evaluating a foal, what specific organs are of major concern?

A

heart, eyes, umbilicus, joints/ growth plates

ICMS (22 decks)

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