Intro to Rad Science Flashcards
What is an attempt to simplify concepts and formulas, to economize explanation; the philosophy that simple explanations are more likely to be true than elaborate, complex ones?
Parsimony
What is the requirement that proofs/experiments can be duplicated by different people at different times and in different locations with precisely the same results?
Reproducibility
What is the requirement that any theory or hypothesis can logically and logistically be proven false. Anything that cannot be proven false is not science, but belongs in another realm of human experience?
Falsifiability
What is the requirement that experiments and their results can be directly observed with the human senses?
Observation
What is the requirement that results can be quantified mathematically and measured?
Measurability
What is the strongest aspect of the scientific method when used correctly?
it is self correcting
Why is radiography primarily a science?
Because the radiographic image contains a quantifiable amount of diagnostically useful details and a measurable amount of information
What are the 4 standards of practice for all radiographers?
- Common sense
- Sound judgement
- Logical consistency
- Objective knowledge
In 1896 Becquerel discovered 3 types of natural radioactivity…Name them.
Alpha and beta particles and gamma rays
Who invented the first fluoroscope?
Thomas Edison
What does an image intensifier do?
converts incident x-rays into an electron beam, it can then be sped up by using electrically charged plates. Once the accelerated electrons strike the screen at the top of the tube, the brightness is increased significantly and the fluoro technique is greatly reduced.
What are the broadly divided 3 types of Radiation:
- Particles
- Waves on a medium
- Electromagnetic waves
What is an example of a radiation particle?
alpha and beta particles
What is an example of a wave in a medium?
Sounds
What is one example of an electromagnetic wave?
The pulling force of a magnet
Where does 3/4ths of all radiation we receive come from?
Nature
Radiation must be capable of what in order to be particularly harmful?
ionizing atoms
What does PACS stand for?
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems
How many protons and neutrons does an alpha particle have?
2 protons
2 neutrons
What form of energy are alpha and beta poarticles?
kinetic energy
What are the 8 types of electromagnetic energy?
Visible light Infrared light Ultraviolet light Microwaves Radio waves X-rays Gamma rays Cosmic rays
What is ionization?
The ejection of an electron from an atom
What gas accounts for more than 2/3rds of all natural radiation exposure to the human population?
Radon gas
Give examples of household items that expose us to radiation:
Television
Smoke detectors
Glossy magazines
What is the main advantage of all digital imaging?
Post processing… Contrast, density, and brightness can be manipulated without having to repeat exposures
What is radiation is its broadest sense?
It is anything which transfers energy through space from one point to another.
What is energy?
Anything emitted and transferred through matter
What is capable of removing an orbital electron from an atom with which it interacts?
Ionizing radiation
The orbital electron (negative ion) and the atom (positive ion) from which it comes from form a what?
Ion pair
What are two forms of electromagnetic radiation?
Gamma and x rays
What are two forms of particulate radiation?
Alpha and beta
Radiation received constantly from the earth, sun, starts, buildings and our own bodies is which type of radiation?
Natural background radiation
What is the average natural background radiation received per year?
300mR ranges between 100-500mR
What are examples of cosmic radiation?
Sun, stars and space
Where does terrestrial radiation come from?
The earth
Where does internal radiation come from?
Our bodies
What are some examples of man made background sources of radiation?
Consumer products, technology, waste, building materials
This is a natural by product of transmutation in the decay of uranium and is a dangerous alpha emitter.
Radon gas
What are some man made background sources of radiation in the medical field?
Dental and diagnostic X-rays, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy, ct scans, bone density ometry
What is the negligible individual dose limit?
1mrem
What is the annual limit dose to the public?
100mrem
What does NCRP stand for?
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
